phylogenetics pt 2

Question 1

synapomorphies of mammals (5)

Answer 1

presence of hair
mamary glands
single lower jaw bone
msucular diaphragm
middle ear bones

Question 2

whales have long been thought to be relatives of

Answer 2

ungulate mamamles

Question 3

whales were thought to be descendent from one of 2 mammals groups _ or _

Answer 3

perissodactyls (horses, rhinos)
artiodactyls (deers cows pigs hippos)

Question 4

definiton for euungulata

Answer 4

true ungulate mammals

Question 5

perissodactyla

Answer 5

odd toed ungulates like horse, tapirs, rhinos

Question 6

cetacea

Answer 6

aquatic ungulates like whales, dolphins , popoises

Question 7

artiodactyla

Answer 7

even towed ungulates, camels deer, cows , hippos pigs sheep

Question 8

what were the 2 competing hypothesis of whale relationships

Answer 8

whales are sister to all the artiodactyls
whales are sister to hippos nested within the artiodactyl

Question 9

phylogenetic analysis must be based on _ characteristics

Answer 9

informative

Question 10

characteristics best used when studying fossil specimens , may be subject to less homoplasies

Answer 10

morphological

Question 11

characteristics best used when studies include living specimens often many large datasets available for comparisons

Answer 11

molecular

Question 12

approach using many types of data to enlighten evolutionay history

Answer 12

total evidence approach

Question 13

what was the primary morphological synapomorphy uniting artyodactyls

Answer 13

the astragalus bone

Question 14

whales were position outside the artiodactyls because they lack the

Answer 14

astragalus bone

Question 15

the idea that the arrangement requiring the fewest evolutionary steps is more likely to be correct than the arrangement with more evolutionary steps

Answer 15

parsimony

Question 16

the whale/ artiodactyl tree required _ nucleotide changes in the b casein gene

Answer 16

47

Question 17

the whale/hippo tree required _ nucleotide changes in the b casein gene

Answer 17

41

Question 18

milk protein gene that was used to sequence mammal phylogenetic information

Answer 18

b casein gene

Question 19

fossil evidence reported by Phil Gingrich confirmed that whales had (2 things)

Answer 19

hind limbs
an astragulus, shaped just like an artioidactlys

Question 20

going from taxa and their characteristics to a phylogenetic tree relies primarily on a character _

Answer 20

matrix

Question 21

3 parts of a character matrix

Answer 21

rows (taxa)
columns (characters)
cells (character states)

Question 22

a shared , derived feature like hair is evidence that all mammal species share a

Answer 22

common ancestor

Question 23

what are steps 1-4 of cladistics

Answer 23

1. choose species to be analyzed
2. choose characters
3. select outgroup
   4.build a species by character matrix

Question 24

what are steps 5-9 of cladistics

Answer 24

5.code the matrix
6. identify synapomorphies
7.unite clades based on synapomorphies
8. draw branching pattern
9. label nodes with synapomorphies

Question 25

a group thought to be rather closely related to the other groups, but less closely than any single on of the other groups is to each other

Answer 25

outgroup