Lecture 12-Phylogenetics Pt1

Question 1

evolutionary history of a group of species

Answer 1

phylogeny

Question 2

phylogenies are created to describe the ancestral/descendant relationships among ___

Answer 2

taxa

Question 3

the biological sub discipline that involves building and evaluating phylogenies is called

Answer 3

phylogenetic systematics

Question 4

phylogenies are fundamentally based on the continuous genetic linkage between any given taxon and its ____

Answer 4

ancestors

Question 5

phylogenetic is the reconstruction of evolutionary linages, they depict _ _ _ _

Answer 5

cumulative change over time

Question 6

we know there is a true history of related ness among living organisms, we infer ….

Answer 6

that history by approximation using phylogenetic methods

Question 7

phylogenies are _ which can be tested

Answer 7

hypotheses

Question 8

phylogenetic trees are based on the simple logic that the more closely two taxa are related, the more

Answer 8

traits they will have in common

Question 9

phylogenetic trees are constructed using traits that are assumed to be

Answer 9

homologous

Question 10

the two broad types of traits

Answer 10

ancestral
derived

Question 11

character present in ancestor

Answer 11

ancestral trait (plesiomorphy)

Question 12

character present in descendant but not In ancestor

Answer 12

derived trait (apomorphy)

Question 13

character that is derived and shared by 2 or more taxa , shared derived character that identifies monophyletic groups

Answer 13

synapomorphy

Question 14

character that is derived but only found in one taxa (uniquely derive character)

Answer 14

autapomorphy

Question 15

character that is found in ancestral taxa

Answer 15

plesiomoprhy

Question 16

identify branching point in the phylogeny and are used to group related taxa

Answer 16

synapomorphies

Question 17

developed the modern methods, cladistics, by which we build phylogenies

Answer 17

Will Hennig

Question 18

Much of Hennigs work was done while he was a

Answer 18

P.O.W

Question 19

a set of taxa and their common ancestor

Answer 19

monophyletic group

Question 20

set of taxa that include a common ancestor and some, but not all descendant taxa

Answer 20

paraphyletic group

Question 21

set of taxa that are not descended from a common ancestor

Answer 21

polyphyletic group

Question 22

to calcualte the number of monophyletic groups, sum

Answer 22

of nodes + # of taxa

Question 23

similar structure of organisms that result from common descent

Answer 23

homologous traits

Question 24

only homologous character can be compared to determine patterns of

Answer 24

relatedness

Question 25

traits similar in form or function but were not present in a shared common ancestor

Answer 25

analogous traits

Question 26

the indpependent development of similar characteristics in 2 or more lineages

Answer 26

convergent evolution

Question 27

traits or characters that for whatever reason ar similar due to something other than common descent

Answer 27

homoplasy

Question 28

convergence and reversal are lumped into a concept called

Answer 28

homoplasy

Question 29

the criterion or principle for selecting among alternative explanations that minimizes the complexity of the solution

Answer 29

parsimony

Question 30

the simplest explanation is

Answer 30

the best explanation

Question 31

the concept of parsimony is often named after the logician William Ockham , and referred to as

Answer 31

Ockham's Razor