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Biological Anthropology > Phylogenetics and Primateology > Flashcards

Phylogenetics and Primateology Flashcards

1
Q

phylogenetics

A

the study of evolutionary history

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2
Q

cladistics

A

methodology of phylogenetics, fundamental principle is the only correct taxonomy is one that perfectly mirrors evolutionary history, groups taxa using shared derived traits

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3
Q

ancestral trait

A

trait derived from a remote ancestor

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4
Q

trait derived from a remote ancestor

A

ancestral trait

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5
Q

trait modified since a remote ancestor

A

derived traits

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6
Q

derived traits

A

trait modified since a remote ancestor

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7
Q

homoplasy

A

convergent traits that are similar but independently derived, not inherited from a common ancestor

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8
Q

convergent traits

A

homoplasy

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9
Q

homology

A

traits that are similar because of a common descendant

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10
Q

traits that are similar because of a common descendant

A

homology

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11
Q

characteristics of primates

A 
arboreal
post-orbital bar
stereoscopic vision
emphasis on vision
reduced prognathism
prehensile hands
opposable thumbs
nails instead of claws
single offspring / long infant dependency
large, complex brains / intelligence
complex social behaviour
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12
Q

prognathism

A

extension of the mandible and/or maxilla outwards from the face

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13
Q

Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos

A

Prosimians

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14
Q

Prosimian geographic region, diet, sleep cycle, and locomotion traits

A 
Madagascar, Africa, SE Asia
Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos
insectivores, gummivores
nocturnal
quadrupeds: vertical clingers and leapers
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15
Q

Prosimian anatomical features

A 
post-orbital bar
tooth comb
2133
tricuspid molars
partial stereoscopic vision
grooming claw
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16
Q

Tarsier geographic region, diet, sleep cycle, and locomotion traits

A

SE Asia
Insectivore
Nocturnal
quadrupeds: vertical clingers and leapers

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17
Q

Tarsier anatomical features

A

partial post-orbital wall
2133 [upper] / 1133 [lower]
tricuspid molars
grooming claw

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18
Q

Spider monkey

A

New World Monkey

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19
Q

New World monkey geographic range

A

Central and South America

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20
Q

New World monkey locomotion, eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail

A 
arboreal quadrupeds
full post-orbital wall / partition
Ceboids: 2133; Callithricids: 2132
4 cusps on teeth, but not bilophodont
pronograde
prehensile tail in some Ceboids
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21
Q

bilophondont

A

Having two transverse ridges, as the molar teeth of certain animals.

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22
Q

pronograde

A

Walking with the long axis of the body parallel to the ground. Used of quadrupeds.

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23
Q

Macaques

A

Old World Monkey

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24
Q

Old World monkey geographic range

A

Asia, Africa

25
Q

Old World monkey locomotion, eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail

A

arboreal (but less so than New World) quadrupeds
full post-orbital wall
2123
4 cusped molars, bilophondont
pronograde
most have tails but they are not prehensile

26
Q

list the seven types of Apes (Hominoids)

A

Gibbon, Siamang, Orangutan, Chimpanzee, Bonobo, Gorilla, Human

27
Q

Hominid eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail

A 
full post-orbital wall / partition
2123
addition of hypoconulid cusp
large body size: orthograde posture
no tail
28
Q

hypoconulid

A

Fifth cusp of molar in primates, the last to be added to the primate family and the first to be eliminated in some individuals

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vNi68aZp874C&pg=PT384&lpg=PT384&dq=hypoconulid+5+cusp&source=bl&ots=mUyJLcPI1N&sig=4hoL7QiHRrwUEff-vW3HFgQazeU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1ZdKUfyBGNGAygHAqIGYBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA

29
Q

advantages of living in groups

A

predator defence
food acquisition
reproductive access
socialisation

30
Q

disadvantages of living in groups

A

more conspicuous
food competition
mate competition
energy costs of socialisation and organisation

31
Q

ethology

A

the study of animal behaviour

32
Q

Ethogram

A

a dictionary of behaviours for a specific species

33
Q

Focus Animal

A

an individual animal that you observe and for which you record specific activity

34
Q

How do groups form?

A

Diet and body size determines the distribution of females around resources, which affects male strategy to get access to females, these interactions form social systems. Males protect territory (both recourses and females) if it is worth the cost.

35
Q

Old World monkey social distribution

A 
Multi-Male, Multi-Female
•Female philopatry (female bonded)
•Male dispersion.
•Diverse diet: fruit, leaves, grass, some meat.
•Male hierarchy (w/alpha male)
•Male-female “friendships”
•Moderate dimorphism
36
Q

Gibbon & Siamang social structure

A 
Monogamous
•High cost of locomotion.
•Patchy food distribution.
•Ripe fruit = 60%, leaves most of rest.
•Male grooming female = mate guarding.
•Little dimorphism
37
Q

Orangutan social hierarchy

A 
One-male, multi-female
•Primarily solitary with little adult interaction.
•Dispersed resources.
•Fruit, leaves, bark.
•Two male strategies for reproduction.
•High degree of dimorphism.
38
Q

Gorilla societal hierarchy

A 
One-male, multi-female
•No predation
•Extremely easy access to resources.
•THV (terrestrial herbaceous vegetation)
•Extreme dimorphism.
•Use of infanticide to keep females with strongest male.
39
Q

Chimpanzee social hierarchy

A 
Multi-male, multi-female
•Patchy food distribution.
•Ripe fruit, leaves, insects, some meat!
•Male philopatry – male coalitions and hierarchy determines mates.
•Female dispersion.
•Hunting!
•Moderate dimorphism.
40
Q

Bonobo social hierarchy

A 
Mulit-male, multi-female
•Both male and female alliances.
•Ripe fruit, leaves, some meat.
•Larger or stable groups.
•Less violence, more sex.
•Moderate dimorphism.
41
Q

Similarities between chimpanzees and humans

A 
–Multi-male, multi-female groups
–Male philopatry
–Coercive male alliances
–Intergroup conflict
–Some sexual dimorphism
–Consumption of a varied diet – meat
–Use of hunting
–Building of sleeping locations
42
Q

Howler monkey

A

New World monkey

43
Q

Marmoset

A

New World monkey

44
Q

Tamarin

A

New World monkey

45
Q

four types of New World monkeys

A

Spider monkey, Howler monkey, Marmosets, Tamarins

46
Q

four types of Old World monkeys

A

Macaques, Baboons, Langurs, Colobus monkeys

47
Q

Baboon

A

Old World monkey

48
Q

Langur

A

Old World monkey

49
Q

Colobus monkey

A

Old World monkey

50
Q

Ape (Homonid) geographic range (excluding humans)

A

Asia, Africa

51
Q

Gibbon

A

Ape (Hominoid)

52
Q

Siamang

A

Ape (Hominoid)

53
Q

Orangutan

A

Ape (Hominoid)

54
Q

Chimpanzee

A

Ape (Hominoid)

55
Q

Bonobo

A

Ape (Hominoid)

56
Q

Gorilla

A

Ape (Hominoid)

57
Q

Human

A

Ape (Hominoid)

58
Q

Hominoid vs Hominid

A

All apes are hominoids; humans and their immediate lineage are hominids

Biological Anthropology (7 decks)

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