Phylogenetics and Primateology Flashcards
phylogenetics
the study of evolutionary history
cladistics
methodology of phylogenetics, fundamental principle is the only correct taxonomy is one that perfectly mirrors evolutionary history, groups taxa using shared derived traits
ancestral trait
trait derived from a remote ancestor
trait derived from a remote ancestor
ancestral trait
trait modified since a remote ancestor
derived traits
derived traits
trait modified since a remote ancestor
homoplasy
convergent traits that are similar but independently derived, not inherited from a common ancestor
convergent traits
homoplasy
homology
traits that are similar because of a common descendant
traits that are similar because of a common descendant
homology
characteristics of primates
arboreal post-orbital bar stereoscopic vision emphasis on vision reduced prognathism prehensile hands opposable thumbs nails instead of claws single offspring / long infant dependency large, complex brains / intelligence complex social behaviour
prognathism
extension of the mandible and/or maxilla outwards from the face
Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos
Prosimians
Prosimian geographic region, diet, sleep cycle, and locomotion traits
Madagascar, Africa, SE Asia Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos insectivores, gummivores nocturnal quadrupeds: vertical clingers and leapers
Prosimian anatomical features
post-orbital bar tooth comb 2133 tricuspid molars partial stereoscopic vision grooming claw
Tarsier geographic region, diet, sleep cycle, and locomotion traits
SE Asia
Insectivore
Nocturnal
quadrupeds: vertical clingers and leapers
Tarsier anatomical features
partial post-orbital wall
2133 [upper] / 1133 [lower]
tricuspid molars
grooming claw
Spider monkey
New World Monkey
New World monkey geographic range
Central and South America
New World monkey locomotion, eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail
arboreal quadrupeds full post-orbital wall / partition Ceboids: 2133; Callithricids: 2132 4 cusps on teeth, but not bilophodont pronograde prehensile tail in some Ceboids
bilophondont
Having two transverse ridges, as the molar teeth of certain animals.
pronograde
Walking with the long axis of the body parallel to the ground. Used of quadrupeds.
Macaques
Old World Monkey
Old World monkey geographic range
Asia, Africa
Old World monkey locomotion, eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail
arboreal (but less so than New World) quadrupeds
full post-orbital wall
2123
4 cusped molars, bilophondont
pronograde
most have tails but they are not prehensile
list the seven types of Apes (Hominoids)
Gibbon, Siamang, Orangutan, Chimpanzee, Bonobo, Gorilla, Human
Hominid eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail
full post-orbital wall / partition 2123 addition of hypoconulid cusp large body size: orthograde posture no tail
hypoconulid
Fifth cusp of molar in primates, the last to be added to the primate family and the first to be eliminated in some individuals
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vNi68aZp874C&pg=PT384&lpg=PT384&dq=hypoconulid+5+cusp&source=bl&ots=mUyJLcPI1N&sig=4hoL7QiHRrwUEff-vW3HFgQazeU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1ZdKUfyBGNGAygHAqIGYBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA
advantages of living in groups
predator defence
food acquisition
reproductive access
socialisation
disadvantages of living in groups
more conspicuous
food competition
mate competition
energy costs of socialisation and organisation
ethology
the study of animal behaviour
Ethogram
a dictionary of behaviours for a specific species
Focus Animal
an individual animal that you observe and for which you record specific activity
How do groups form?
Diet and body size determines the distribution of females around resources, which affects male strategy to get access to females, these interactions form social systems. Males protect territory (both recourses and females) if it is worth the cost.
Old World monkey social distribution
Multi-Male, Multi-Female •Female philopatry (female bonded) •Male dispersion. •Diverse diet: fruit, leaves, grass, some meat. •Male hierarchy (w/alpha male) •Male-female “friendships” •Moderate dimorphism
Gibbon & Siamang social structure
Monogamous •High cost of locomotion. •Patchy food distribution. •Ripe fruit = 60%, leaves most of rest. •Male grooming female = mate guarding. •Little dimorphism
Orangutan social hierarchy
One-male, multi-female •Primarily solitary with little adult interaction. •Dispersed resources. •Fruit, leaves, bark. •Two male strategies for reproduction. •High degree of dimorphism.
Gorilla societal hierarchy
One-male, multi-female •No predation •Extremely easy access to resources. •THV (terrestrial herbaceous vegetation) •Extreme dimorphism. •Use of infanticide to keep females with strongest male.
Chimpanzee social hierarchy
Multi-male, multi-female •Patchy food distribution. •Ripe fruit, leaves, insects, some meat! •Male philopatry – male coalitions and hierarchy determines mates. •Female dispersion. •Hunting! •Moderate dimorphism.
Bonobo social hierarchy
Mulit-male, multi-female •Both male and female alliances. •Ripe fruit, leaves, some meat. •Larger or stable groups. •Less violence, more sex. •Moderate dimorphism.
Similarities between chimpanzees and humans
–Multi-male, multi-female groups –Male philopatry –Coercive male alliances –Intergroup conflict –Some sexual dimorphism –Consumption of a varied diet – meat –Use of hunting –Building of sleeping locations
Howler monkey
New World monkey
Marmoset
New World monkey
Tamarin
New World monkey
four types of New World monkeys
Spider monkey, Howler monkey, Marmosets, Tamarins
four types of Old World monkeys
Macaques, Baboons, Langurs, Colobus monkeys
Baboon
Old World monkey
Langur
Old World monkey
Colobus monkey
Old World monkey
Ape (Homonid) geographic range (excluding humans)
Asia, Africa
Gibbon
Ape (Hominoid)
Siamang
Ape (Hominoid)
Orangutan
Ape (Hominoid)
Chimpanzee
Ape (Hominoid)
Bonobo
Ape (Hominoid)
Gorilla
Ape (Hominoid)
Human
Ape (Hominoid)
Hominoid vs Hominid
All apes are hominoids; humans and their immediate lineage are hominids
