Exam 1 Lessons Learned Flashcards
what are the four forces of Darwinian evolution?
genetic drift, natural selection, gene flow, mutation
mutation occurs through what means?
exposure to chemicals or radiation may cause a base substitution or frame shift to either coding or non-coding DNA during cell mitosis or meiosis
define: phenotype
The observable morphological, physical, and behavior characteristics of one’s genetic makeup
The observable morphological, physical, and behavior characteristics of one’s genetic makeup
phenotype
define: evolution in most basic terms
It fundamentally equals change
list the necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection to act
variation in a trait, inheritance of the trait, differential fitness
the mode of selection in which extremes of a trait are selected against, or “trimmed” from a population
stabilising selection
J. Baptiste Lamarck
proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics
the discontinuation of the perceived relationship among traits in offspring is best explained as
Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment
under what conditions does polygyny occur?
in environments where resources are clumped and not evenly distributed
what are the four sub-fields or Anthropology?
Archaeology, Social Anthropology, Biological Anthropology, Lingusitics
somatic cell division
mitosis
a provisional or initial explanation of a given phenomenon
hypothesis
to show that the parents are from the same species, an offspring must be able to
have its own children
variant of a gene
allele
an individual’s genetic code
genotype
any random change in DNA
mutation
segment of DNA that codes for a protien
gene
discovered the first complete Ichthyosaurus skeleton, invented modern naming scheme
Linnaeus
developed the theory of acquired characteristics
Lamark
founder of modern geology and theory of uniformitarianism
Lyell
published Origin of the Species
Darwin
Monk botanist that experimented with dominate and recessive gene characteristics
Mendel
which two forces decrease variation within populations?
natural selection, genetic drift
which two forces increase variation within populations?
mutation, gene flow
fitness vs reproductive success?
Fitness is the relative number of alleles an individual contributes to the next generation, maximised by natural selection.
Reproductive success is the number of progeny an individual has, optimised by natural selection. These offspring may or may not be properly adapted to pass on their alleles, and so themselves will have varying fitness.
fecundity
the potential reproductive capacity of an individual or population
progeny
offspring
Trivers-Willard hypothesis
Differential variation in reproductive success of sexes accounts for dimorphism; if conditions are good, take chances, if conditions are poor play it safe.
balanced polymorphism
an equilibrium mixture of homozygotes and heterozygotes maintained by natural selection against both homozygotes
advantages and disadvantages of sex
Advantages: introduces novel genes, leads to lots of variation
Disadvantages: only transfer 50% of your genetic material, costs of finding or attracting a mate
Red Queen Effect
evolutionary hypothesis which proposes that organisms must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate not merely to gain reproductive advantage, but also simply to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing organisms in an ever-changing environment. The Red Queen hypothesis intends to explain two different phenomena: the constant extinction rates as observed in the paleontological record caused by co-evolution between competing species and the advantage of sexual reproduction at the level of individuals
How does food quality effect animal size?
Lower quality diet produces a larger animal, quality in terms of amount of energy availability to the organism per unit
Aspects of food resources
Distribution: uniformity, seasonality
Quality: high (fruit, meat, sap, seeds), low (stem, leaf, bark, leaves)
heterozygote advantage
describes the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype
sexual dimorphism
selection pressures strongly on sex with more variable reproductive success, causing their phenotype to change from that of the opposite sex
