Phylogenetics

Question 1

Order of Classifcation

Answer 1

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 2

Division

Answer 2

Phylum

Question 3

Chordata

Answer 3

named after important synapomorphies, the notochord and a dorsal nerve cord

Question 4

Hagfish

Answer 4

Part of the vertebrata subphylum but do not have vertebra
- share common ancestor with the subphylum but in their evolution they lost it - secondayr loss

Question 5

Class

Answer 5

After subphylum
ex. mammalia
- Mammary glands - lactogenic
Hair
Middle ear Bones
No renal portal system
Eunucleated red blood cells
Complex integumentary systems
Neocortex region of the brain (sensory perception, cognition, spatial reasoning, language)

Question 6

Order

Answer 6

Next level after class

order carnivora:
- suborders feliformia (cat-like) and caniformia (dog-like)

Question 6

Family

Answer 6

Classifcation after order

Canidae are an example

Question 6

KT or KP Extinction Event

Answer 6

One of the largest mass extinctions

Took out the dinasaurs and made way for the age of mammals

Question 6

Genus

Answer 6

After Family

ex. Vulpes

part of the bionomial naming

Question 7

Species

Answer 7

After genus

Second part of bionomial nomenclature

Also has authority - person who discovered

Question 8

Character

Answer 8

An anatomical, physiological or molecular feature of an organism

Question 9

Phylogeny

Answer 9

A hypothesis of ancestor descent relationships

Question 10

Sister Taxa

Answer 10

Two species that are most related to each otehr compared to any other taxa in a tree

Question 11

Nodes

Answer 11

represent common ancestors in the tree

Question 12

Plesiomorphy

Answer 12

refers to the ancestral character state

Question 13

Apomorphy

Answer 13

a chatacter state different than the ancestral state, or derived state

Question 14

Synapomorphy

Answer 14

a derived character state that is shared by two or more taxa due to inheritcane from a common ancestor

help build tree

Question 15

autapomorphy

Answer 15

a uniquely derived character state (only one species has the character)

Question 16

Homology

Answer 16

Similarity in structure, function, physiology, development in different species because of common ancestry

Question 17

Analogy/Homoplasy/non homology

Answer 17

Similar features but not because of common ancestry

Shark and Whale have fins but is homoplasy because of areverseal, whales and dolphins are mammals that reverted back to the ancestral state

Question 18

Monophyletic

Answer 18

A group that includes all of the descendants of a common ancestor

also known as clades

Question 19

Non monophyletic

Answer 19

Any case that doesnt include all the descents of a common ancestor

Question 20

Paraphyletic

Answer 20

a group that includes some but not all of the decsents of a common ancestor

Question 21

Polyphyletic

Answer 21

assemblages of taxa that have been erroneously grouped on the basis of homoplasious character

Question 22

Principle of Parsiomony

Answer 22

Simple explanations are prefereed over more complicated ones

In trees, less evolutionary steps are better than more steops to explain relationshios

Least amount of steps is most parsimonious

Parismony method minizmes the number of evolutionary changes required to explain relationships

Question 23

Outgroup

Answer 23

provides directionality to a tree and in cladistics defines the ancestral state

Question 24

Homoplasy - Parallel Evolution

Answer 24

Independent evolution of the derived state
- Same derived trait but derived independtly of eachother
- same ancestral state, same derived trait

Question 25

Ecotype

Answer 25

A population adapted to local environmental conditions

Question 26

Homoplasy - Convergent Evolution

Answer 26

Independent evolution of the derived state
- From diff ancestral state, same derived state

Question 27

Carcinization

Answer 27

The repeated independent evolution of the crab like body plan

Question 28

Homoplasy - Secondary Loss

Answer 28

Reversion to the ancestral state

Question 29

Polytomy

Answer 29

A phylogentic split into more than 2 branches (uncertainty)