PHTLS Chapter 4 Flashcards
The primary muscle of breathing is the _______.
diaphragm
Other muscles attached to the chest wall will also contribute to the creating on this negative pressure, these include the _______ and _________ muscles.
sternocleidomastoid
scalene
With each breath, the average adult takes in approximately ____ mL of air.
500
__________, a by-product of aerobic metabolism and energy production, is released into the blood plasma.
Carbon Dioxide
_______ respiration is the transfer of oxygen molecules from air to the blood.
External
________ respiration is the movement, or diffusion of oxygen from the RBC’s into the tissue cells.
Internal
Glucose is broken down into two ________ molecules, each of which enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy.
pyruvate
________ is decreased oxygen level in the blood.
Hypoxemia
_______ is deficient tissue oxygenation
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation can cause ___________, which can be especially detrimental in the management of a TBI patient.
vasoconstriction
Each molecule of glucose yields ____ ATP energy storing molecules when oxygen is available.
38
Anaerobic metabolism only produces ___ ATP molecules.
2
The right heart is called the _______ system and the left heart is called the _________ system.
Pulmonary
Systemic
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________.
Pulse Pressure
The volume of fluid pumped into the circulatory system with each contraction of the ventricle is called the __________.
stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped into the system over one minute is called the __________.
cardiac output
_________ fluid is located between the cell membrane and the capillary wall.
interstitial
__________ fluid is the fluid inside the vessels.
Intravascular
________ fluid is the fluid inside the cells.
intracellular
The various proteins and minerals provide a high ________ pressure to help keep water from leaking out the walls of the vessels.
oncotic
The human body is ____% water.
60
Intracellular fluid accounts for ____% of body weight.
45
_______ is the process by which solutes separated by a membrane to which the solutes are impermeable govern the movement of water across the semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis
The ____________ nervous system controls the fight-or-flight response.
Sympathetic
The cardiovascular system is regulated by the vasomotor center in the __________.
medulla
Three major categories of shock:
Hypovolemic
Distributive (Neurogenic, Psychogenic, Spetic, Anaphylactic)
Cardiogenic
_________ is the most common cause of shock encountered in the prehospital environment.
Hypovolemic
A decrease in ______ marks the switch from compensated to decompensated shock - a sign of impending death.
blood pressure
Class 1 hemorrhage represents a loss of up to ____% of blood volume.
15
Class 2 hemorrhage represents a loss of up to ______% of blood volume.
15 - 30%
Class 3 hemorrhage represents a loss of up to _______ % of blood volume.
30 - 40%
Class IV hemorrhage represents a loss of more than _____ % of blood volume.
40
________ shock, or vasogenic shock occurs when the size of the vascular container enlarges without a proportional increase in fluid volume.
Distributive
_________ shock occurs when a spinal cord injury interrupts the sympathetic nervous system pathway.
Neurogenic
_______ shock is seen in patients with life-threatening infections, is another condition that exhibits vascular dilation.
Septic
________ are released in response to the infection, cause damage to the walls of the blood vessels, peripheral vasodilation, and leakage of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space.
Cytokines
_________ shock is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that involves numerous body systems.
Anaphylactic
________ shock, or failure of the heart’s pumping activity.
Cardiogenic
The triad of death is frequently described as __________, _________, and __________.
hypothermia
coagulopathy
acidosis
The term _____ refers to impairment in the normal clotting capabilities of blood.
coagulopathy
