Endocrine Emergencies Flashcards
Hypothalmus
Junction between the Nervous System and endocrine system
ADH
Anti-Diuretic Hormone: causes water retention
The Hypothalmus senses the concentration of salt in body fluids and signals the pituitary gland to secrete ADH which stimulate the renal tubules to reabsorb sodium and water.
Major Components of Endocrine system
Hypothalmus Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Gonads
Pineal Gland
Synthesizes and secretes melatonin which has effect on sleep/wake patterns
Pituitary Gland
“Master Gland” because its secretions orchestrate the activity of other endocrine Glands.
Located at back of brain and is the size of a grape and shape of a nut sack
Pituitary Gland Secretions
Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, melatonin, ADH and Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
Secretes thyroxin and calcitonin
Thyroxin: major metabolic hormone, stimulates energy production, increases rate at which cells consume oxygen and use carbs, fats and proteins
Thyroid E.g
When body gets cold, increased cellular metabolism creates heat
Iodine
Without iodine, thyroxine can’t be produced
Calcitonin
Increases calcium in body
Thymus Gland
Component of immune system
Located behind the sternum
Helps immune system identify and destroy foreign substances
Produces T cell and t lymphocytes
Killer T Cell
Attacks antigen directly and triggers phagocytosis (eating the cell)
Helper T Cell
Releases lymphokines that send information about antigens to the B cells
Suppressor T Cells
Contain the immune response so the immune system does not hurt the host
Parathyroid Gland
Secretes PTH, Parathyroid Hormone, which acts as an antagonist to calcitonin
Secretes when calcium levels in the body are low which stimulates bone-dissolving cells to break down bone and release calcium into the blood stream
Adrenal Glands
Located on top of the kidneys
Suppress inflammation, govern body’s nutrients and regulate how much sodium isnexcreted through urine
Adrenal Cortex
Outside of the adrenal gland
Produces corticoids and sex hormones which regulate body’s balance of salt and water, the immune system, and sexual function
Adrenal Medulla
Insiofmadrenal gland
Produces catecholamines (Epi and norEpi)
Which assist body in coping with physical and emotional stress by increasing the pulse and respiratory rate and blood pressure
ACTH
Adrenoorticotropic Hormone: targets adrenal cortex and causes it to secrete cortisol which stimulates the body’s cells to increase the body’s energy production
Aldosterone
When body experiences drop in pressure, volume, sodium level or increase in potassium
Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium from the urine and excrete potassium by altering osmotic gradient in blood
When sodium is absorbed, blood and water follow
Pancreas
Digestive Gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through pancreatic duct
Islet of Langerhans
Secrete glucagon, secreted by alpha cells and insulin, secreted by beta cells
Gonads
Testes or ovaries main source of sex hormones
Testes secrete testosterone
Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone
Pituitary Gland Hormones and their effects
Growth Hormone: regulates metabolic growth and adaption to stress
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: increases secretion of thyroid hormone
Adrenocorticosteroid Hormone: stimulates adrenal gland to secrete cortisol and adrenal proteins
Luteizing Hormone: stimulation of gonads
Follicle Stimulating Hormone: sets hormones
Prolactin: milk production
ADH: increases retention of fluid and salts
Oxytocin: contracts uterus during childbirth
Diabetes Mellitus
Body’s inability to sufficiently metabolize glucose
Type 1 diabetes
Insulin dependent
Does not produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes
Which blood glucose levels are elevated
Hypoglycemia
Normal ranges from 70-120mg/dL
Hypoglycemia occurs <45mg/dL
Hyperglycemia
> 160mg/dL
DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
>300mg/dL
Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
With type 2 diabetes
Hyrglycemia without ketones
Addison Disease
Adrenal insufficiency
Caused by atrophy or destruction of adrenal Glands
Assessment: body improperly regulates electrolytes, fluids and water
Management: use corticosteroids and normal saline
Cushing Syndrome
Excess of cortisol production by adrenal Glands
Hypothyroidism
Slow pulse, decrease metabolism, cold skin, weight gain, weakness, constipated, dry skin
Hyperthyroidism
Rapid pulse, increase metabolism, tremor, diarrhea, warm moist skin
Graves Disease
Enlarged thyroid gland caused from hypothyroidism
May present with protruding eyeballs or Pretoria myxedema “ orange peel “ color of below knee
Diabetes Insipidus
Polyuria, display, phagia
Body unable to regulate fluids due to lack of ADH
