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Physiology > PHS 203 Blood Physiology > Flashcards

PHS 203 Blood Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is made up of

A

Plasma
Formed Elements
•Erythrocytes (red blood cell)
•Leukocytes (white blood cell)
•Thrombocytes (platelets)

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2
Q

PCV/ Haematocrit for males

A

40-46%

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3
Q

PCV/ Haematocrit for females

A

38-42%

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4
Q

Low PCV is an indication of

A

Anaemia

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5
Q

High PCV is called

A

Polycythemia

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6
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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7
Q

Normal body temp

A

36.5-37.5

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8
Q

What color is arterial blood and why?

A

Scarlet red because it contains more oxygen

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9
Q

What color is venous blood and why?

A

Purple red because it contains more carbon dioxide

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10
Q

Volume of blood in males, females and babies

A

Males 5-6L
Females 4-5L
Babies 450ml

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11
Q

In a normal healthy 70kg human being, blood is _% of body weight

A

8%

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12
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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13
Q

Viscosity/density of blood and why?

A

Blood is denser than water and 5 times more viscous than water
Due to red blood cells and plasma proteins

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14
Q

Th pigment that makes blood red is_

A

Hemoglobin

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15
Q

the average rbc count ranges from_

A

5 million/cmm3

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16
Q

the average rbc count in males is

A

5.1-5.8 million/cmm3

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17
Q

the average rbc count in females is

A

4.3-5.2 million/cmm3

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18
Q

Average lifespan of RBC is about _

A

120 days

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19
Q

Old rbc’s are destroyed in the_

A

In the spleen by macrophages

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20
Q

How can we determine the lifespan of rbc’s?

A

Lifespan of the RBC is determined by radioisotope
method. RBCs are tagged with radioactive substances
like radioactive iron or radioactive chromium.

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21
Q

What is the diameter of an erythrocyte?

A

7.5 micron(10-6m)

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22
Q

What is the thickness of an erythrocyte?

A

2 micron at the periphery
1 micron at the center

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23
Q

Why do rbc carry out anaerobic respiration?

A

because they lack mitochondria

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24
Q

What is haemoglobin made of?

A

Haem and globin
Haem: pigment, Fe attaches to haem group
globin: polypeptide, it has 4 polypedtides (2 alpha and 2 beta)
Each polypeptidehas one haem group and each ahem group carries one oxygen molecule, which also attaches the the Fe

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25
Q

Normal haemoglobin level in infants_

A

14-20 g/dl

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26
Q

Normal haemoglobin level in females_

A

12-16 g/dl

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27
Q

Normal haemoglobin level in males_

A

13-18 g/dl

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28
Q

PCV value depends on_ and _

A

age and gender

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29
Q

What are the states of Hemoglobin?

A
  1. oxyhemoglobin - When oxygen is bound to iron
  2. deoxyhemoglobin - When no oxygen is bound to iron
  3. carbaminoglobin - when carbon dioxide is bound to the polypeptide chain
  4. Methaemoglobin (MetHb)
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30
Q

What is haematopoesis?

A

the maturation, development and formation of blood cells

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31
Q

What is erythropoesis?

A

the maturation, development and formation of rbc’s

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32
Q

What is the normal shape of a rbc?

A

Biconcave and diskshape

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33
Q

Stages of erythropoesis

A

Haemocytoblast
proerythroblast
early (basophile) erythroblast
late erythroblast
(hemoglobin) nomoblast
(nucleus ejected when there’s enough hemoglobin) recticulocyte
retaining some ER
ERYTHROCYTE

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34
Q

How long does it take a hemocytoblast to become a reticulocyte?

A

3-5 days

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35
Q

Which stage of erythropoesis consists of a nucleus?

A

nomoblast

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36
Q

Why shouldn’t you give iron to an SS patient?

A

Because the breaking down of red blood cells results in the its constituent parts which includes a large amount of iron

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37
Q

How is erythropoesis regulated?

A
  1. Hormonal controls - erythropoietin is the hormone that stimulates rbc production in the bone marrow
    2.Low oxygen levels in the blood causes kidneys to increase release of erythropoietin
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38
Q

Which hormone stimulates rbc production in the bone marrow?

A

erythropoietin

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39
Q

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) produced and by which cells?

A

In the kidney by interstitial cells

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40
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Destruction of rbc’s

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41
Q

% of iron in the body is in

A

65, hemoglobin

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42
Q

What is Kernicterus?

A

Kernicterus is a type of brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a baby’s blood. It can cause athetoid cerebral palsy and hearing loss. Kernicterus also causes problems with vision and teeth and sometimes can cause intellectual disabilities.

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43
Q

What is the ratio of rbc’s to wbc’s in the body?

A

800:1

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44
Q

Difference between plasma and serum

A

plasma – liquid portion of blood
serum – remaining fluid when blood clots and the solids are removed
(Fibrinogen is absent)

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45
Q

What are the 3 main categories of plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Glubulins

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46
Q

Role of albumin

A

contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance

(Smallest and most abundant)

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47
Q

Role of globulins

A

provide immune system functions
alpha, beta and gamma globulins

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48
Q

Role of fibrinogen

A

precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

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49
Q

What percentage of blood components are in blood (plasma, buffer sol and rbc)

A

Plasma 55%
Buffer sol 1%
Red blood cell 45%

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50
Q

What part of the rbc determines blood type?

A

Surface glycoprotein and glycolipids

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51
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeletal proteins (spectrin and actin)

A

It gives the membrane durability and resilience

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52
Q

A rbc larger than 100fl is known as a

A

Macrocyte

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53
Q

A rbc smaller than 100fl is known as a

A

Microcyte

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54
Q

Normal volume of rbc’s

A

100fl

55
Q

What do morphological classifications of anemia depend on

A

Morphological classification depends upon the size and
color of RBC

56
Q

Types of anemia based on size

A

Macrocytic
Microcytic
Normocytic

57
Q

Macrocytic anemia/ pernicious anemia

A

This occurs when cells fail to complete their cycle of division resulting in large immature RBC’s
1. Caused by folate and B-12 deficiency
2. It is an auto-immune condition
3. Parietal cells in the stomach secrete glycoproteins called intrinsic factors which B-12 binds to
4. the body produces antibodies that bind to parietal cells preventing the binding of B-12
5. B-12 cannot be absorbed and it is needed for the maturation of RBC’s
6. Results in large immature RBC’s, macrocytic
7. Large rbc can get stck in capillaries and undergo hemolysis

Symptoms same as microcytic
Treatment: Intramuscular injection of B-12

Common with old age and in females

58
Q

Microcytic anemia and examples

A

Also known as iron deficiency anemia
Hemoglobin deficiency due to iron deficiency

Symptoms
1. shortness of breath (dyspnea)
2. fatigue
3. tachycardia (rapid heartbeat over 100 times a minute)

Causes
1. Hemorrhage
2. Heavy menstruation
3. Low iron diet

Treatment:
Iron intake

59
Q

Normocytic

A

Anemia in which size of rbc’s do not change

60
Q

What are the 3 categories of the causes of anemia?

A
  1. inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
    kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin
    iron-deficiency anemia
    inadequate vitamin B12 from poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia)
    hypoplastic anemia – slowing of erythropoiesis
    aplastic anemia - complete cessation of erythropoiesis
  2. hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding
  3. hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction
61
Q

Causes of anemia

A

Toxins and drugs
Trauma
Hemolysis
Hemorrhage
Hemopoietic disorder
Infection
Inflammation
Irradiation
Neoplasia (cancer)
Nutritional deficiency
Sepsis
Systemic disease

62
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells

63
Q

What PCV indicates anemia?

A

a PCV less than 30%

64
Q

What PCV indicates polycythemia?

A

PCV greater than 60%

65
Q

Define anemia

A

Anemia is reduced blood cell count, reduced PCV, or reduced hemoglobin concentration below levels that are considered normal for age and sex significant enough to bring about a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity

66
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

deficiency of folic acid.
Results in immature RBCs
DNA synthesis is also defective, so the nucleus remains immature.
The RBCs are megaloblastic
and hypochromic.
Features of pernicious anemia appear in megaloblastic
anemia also. However, neurological disorders may not
develop

67
Q

Types of anemia based on color of RBC’s

A

Normochromic
Hypochromic
Hyperchromic

68
Q

Types of anemia due to etiology

A
  1. Hemorrhagic anemia
  2. Hemolytic anemia
  3. Nutrition deficiency anemia (B-12 and folic acid)
  4. Aplastic anemia
  5. Anemia of chronic diseases
69
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Anemia due to excessive loss of blood

Types:
Acute: Acute hemorrhage refers to the sudden loss of a large quantity of blood as in the case of an accident.

Chronic hemorrhage
It refers to loss of blood by internal or external bleeding,
over a long period of time. It occurs in conditions like
peptic ulcer, purpura, hemophilia, and menorrhagia.

70
Q

Aplastic anemia (pancytopenia)

A

Aplastic anemia is due to the disorder of the red bone
marrow. Red bone marrow is reduced and replaced
by fatty tissues. Bone marrow disorder occurs in the
following conditions:
i. Repeated exposure to X­ray or gamma ray
radiation.
ii. Presence of bacterial toxins, quinine, gold salts,
benzene, radium, etc.
iii. Tuberculosis.
iv. Viral infections like hepatitis and HIV infections.
In aplastic anemia, the RBCs are normocytic and
normochromic.

71
Q

Thalassemia

A

In thalassemia, the production of these chains becomes imbalanced because of defective synthesis of globin genes. This causes the precipitation of the polypeptide chains in the immature RBCs, leading
to a disturbance in erythropoiesis. The precipitation also occurs in mature red cells, resulting in hemolysis.

an inherited disorder, characterized by abnormal hemoglobin.
Aka Cooley’s anemia or Mediterranean anemia.
Common in Thailand and Mediterranean countries
Types:
thalassemia is of two types:
i. α ­thalassemia (loss of an α)
ii. β­ thalassemia(more common) loss of a β

72
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder,
characterized by sickle­shaped red blood cells. It is also
called hemoglobin SS disease or sickle cell disease. It
is common in people of African origin.
Sickle cell anemia is due to abnormal hemoglobin
called hemoglobin S (sickle cell hemoglobin). In this,
α­ chains are normal and β­chains are abnormal. The
molecules of hemoglobin S polymerize into long chains
and precipitate inside the cells. Because of this, the
RBCs attain a sickle (crescent) shape and become more
fragile leading to hemolysis

73
Q

What mutation occurs in sickle cell anemia

A

missense point mutation where valine is produced instead of glutamic acid

73
Q

What mutation occurs in sickle cell anemia

A

missense point mutation where valine is produced instead of glutamic acid

74
Q

Necessary hormones for erythropoesis

A

i. Erythropoietin
ii. Thyroxine (and some testosterone)

74
Q

Necessary hormones for erythropoesis

A

i. Erythropoietin
ii. Thyroxine (and some testosterone)

75
Q

Action of erythropoietin for erythropoesis

A
  1. Increases rate of RBC maturation
  2. released in response to tissue hypoxia
  3. Development of proerythroblasts into matured RBCs through several stages – early normoblast, intermediate normoblast, late normoblast, and reticulocyte
  4. Production of proerythroblasts from CFU-E of the bone marrow
  5. Release of matured erythrocytes into the blood. Even some reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) are released along with matured RBCs.
76
Q

Role of thyroxine in erythropesis

A

Being a general metabolic hormone, thyroxine accelerates the process of erythropoiesis at many levels

77
Q

Vitamins necessary for erythropoesis

A

Vitamins necessary for erythropoiesis:
a. Vitamin B: Its deficiency causes anemia and pellagra (disease characterized by skin lesions, diarrhea, weakness, nervousness and dementia).
b. Vitamin C: Its deficiency causes anemia and scurvy (ancient disease characterized by impaired collagen synthesis resulting in rough skin, bleeding gum, loosening of teeth, poor wound healing, bone pain, lethargy and emotional changes).
c. Vitamin D: Its deficiency causes anemia and rickets (bone disease – Chapter 68).
d. Vitamin E: Its deficiency leads to anemia and malnutrition
e. Vitamin B-12 and folate

78
Q

Nutrients required for erythropoesis

A
  1. Folate: Folic acid is also essential for maturation. It is required for the synthesis of DNA. In the absence of folic acid,
    the synthesis of DNA decreases causing the failure of maturation. Folate deficiency results in megaloblastic anemia
  2. Iron: Necessary for the formation of heme part of the hemoglobin.
79
Q

What are the plasma proteins in the blood

A
  1. Serum albumin
  2. Serum globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
80
Q

Why doesn’t serum contain fibrinogen?

A

Because fibrinogen is converted into fibrin during blood clotting

81
Q

Normal values of plasma protein

A

Total protein: 7.3g/dl (6.4 to 8.3 g/dl)
Serum albumin: 4.7 g/dl
Serum globulin: 2.3 g/dl
Fibrinogen: 0.3 g/dl

82
Q

Molecular weight of plasma proteins

A

Albumin: 69,000
Globulin: 156,000
Fibrinogen: 400,000

83
Q

Which plasma protein plays a major role in oncotic pressure

A

Albumin

84
Q

Specific gravity of plasma protein

A

1.026

85
Q

Origin of plasma proteins in the embryo

A

In embryonic stage the plasma proteins are synthesized by the mesenchyme cells. The albumin is synthesized first and other proteins are synthesized later

86
Q

Origin of plasma proteins in adults

A

Synthesized from reticuloendothelial cells of liver
Also spleen, bone marrow, disintegrating blood cells and general tissue cellls

87
Q

B lymphocytes synthesize

A

Gamma globulin

88
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

A
  1. Role coagulation of blood (fibrinogen)
  2. Role in defense mechanism of body (gamma globulin)
  3. Role in transport mechanism
  4. Role in maintaining of osmotic pressure in blood
  5. Role in regulation of acid base balance 6. Role in production of chief and substances role in viscosity of blood
  6. Role in erythrocyte sedimentation rate 8. role in suspension stability of red blood cells
  7. Role as reserve proteins
89
Q

Advantages of Biconcave Shape of RBCs

A
  1. Biconcave shape helps in equal and rapid diffusion of oxygen and other substances into the interior of the cell.
  2. Large surface area is provided for absorption or removal of different substances.
  3. Minimal tension is offered on the membrane when the volume of cell alters.
  4. Because of biconcave shape, while passing through minute capillaries, RBCs squeeze through the capillaries very easily without getting damaged.
90
Q

Which mammal has a nucleated rbc

A

Camel

91
Q

Due to the absence of mitochondria the energy in a red blood cell is produced…

A

In the glycolytic process

92
Q

What causes hereditary sperocytosis? What is it’s impact?

A

The absence of spectrin in the rbc cytoskeleton (in which actin is also present). Spectrin is anchored to transmembrane proteins by the protein ankyrin.

In this condition the cell is deformed , loses its biconcave shape and becomes globular (spherocytic). The spherocyte is very fragile and easily ruptured (hemolyzed) in hypotonic solutions

93
Q

Discuss the rouleaux formation

A

The piling up of rbc’s (like a pile of coins) when blood is taken oit of the blood vessels.
Accelerates by globulin and albumin

(Plural rouleau)

94
Q

Specific gravity of rbc

A

1.092-1.101

95
Q

Function of rbc’s

A
  1. Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Tissues Hemoglobin in RBC combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
  2. Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the Tissues to the Lungs Hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide and form
    carbhemoglobin.
  3. Buffering Action in Blood
    Hemoglobin functions as a good buffer. By this action, it regulates the hydrogen ion concentration
  4. In Blood Group Determination
    RBCs carry the blood group antigens like A antigen, B antigen and Rh factor. This helps in determination of blood group and enables to prevent reactions due to
    incompatible blood transfusion
96
Q

Physiological variations in the no. of rbc (increase)

A

age
gender (after menopause, and before puberty)
high altitude (hypoxia)
muscular exercise ( because of mild hypoxia and contraction of spleen)
emotional conditions (anxiety)
increase in temp (increases all body activities including erythropoesis)
after meals (oxygen needed for metabolic activity)

97
Q

Physiological variations in the no. of rbc (decrease)

A
  1. High barometric pressures
    At high barometric pressures as in deep sea, oxygen tension of blood is higher, the RBC count
    decreases.
  2. During sleep: RBC count decreases slightly and immediately after getting up . Generally all the activities of the body are decreased during sleep including production of RBCs.
  3. Pregnancy
    In pregnancy, the RBC count decreases because
    of increase in ECF volume. Increase in ECF volume,
    increases the plasma volume also resulting in hemodilution. So, there is a relative reduction in the RBC count.
98
Q

Pathological l variations in the no. of rbc

A

Primary polycythemia - Polycythemia Vera
2.secondary polycythemia
3. anemia

99
Q

Microcytes are present in…

A

i. Iron-deficiency anemia
ii. Prolonged forced breathing
iii. Increased osmotic pressure in blood.

100
Q

Macrocytes are present in…

A

i. Megaloblastic anemia
ii. Decreased osmotic pressure in blood

101
Q

Anisocytes occurs in

A

pernicious anemia.

102
Q

Variations in the shape of rbc’s

A
  1. Crenation: Shrinkage as in hypertonic conditions.
  2. Spherocytosis: Globular form as in hypotonic conditions.
  3. Elliptocytosis: Elliptical shape as in certain types of anemia.
  4. Sickle cell: Crescentic shape as in sickle cell anemia.
  5. Poikilocytosis: Unusual shapes due to deformed
    cell membrane. The shape will be of flask, hammer or any other unusual shape.
103
Q

Variations in the structure of rbc’s

A

PUNCTATE BASOPHILISM
Striated appearance of RBCs by the presence of dots of basophilic materials (porphyrin) is called punctate
basophilism. It occurs in conditions like lead poisoning.
„ RING IN RED BLOOD CELLS
Ring or twisted strands of basophilic material appear
in the periphery of the RBCs. This is also called the
Goblet ring. This appears in the RBCs in certain types
of anemia.
„ HOWELL-JOLLY BODIES
In certain types of anemia, some nuclear fragments are present in the ectoplasm of the RBCs. These nuclear fragments are called Howell ­Jolly bodies.

104
Q

Use of gamma globulins

A

Also known as immunoglobulin
Used in the bodies defense mechanism (act as antibodies)

105
Q

Define erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoiesis is the process of the origin development and maturation of erythrocytes

106
Q

Intrauterine stages of erythropoiesis

A

1.Mesoblastic stage (first trimester)
During the first two/three
months of intrauterine life the rbc’s are produced from mesenchyme of yolk sac (wall)

  1. Hepatic stage (2nd trimester) the liver spleen and lymphoid organs are responsible for the production of red blood cells
  2. Myeloid stage (third trimester) bone marrow (and liver) is responsible for my blood cell production
107
Q

What type of bones produce red blood cells up to the age of 20

A

Red bone marrow of all long bones and flat bones

108
Q

What type of bones produce red blood cells after the age of 20

A

Membranous bones like, vertebra, sternum, ribs, scapula, iliac bones and skull bones and from the ends of long bones. After 20 years of age the shaft of a long bones becomes yellow bone marrow because of fat deposition and loses the Erythropoietic function

109
Q

In what circumstances can the liver and spleen produce red blood cells

A

In emergency situations if the bone marrow is destroyed or fibrosed

110
Q

What is a uncommitted Pluripotent
hemopoietic stem cell

A

A cell that can give rise to all types of blood cells

111
Q

What is a committed Pluripotent
hemopoietic stem cell

A

A cell which is restricted to give rise to one group of blood cells

112
Q

Types of committed PHSC’s

A
  1. Lymphoid stem cells which give rise to lymphocytes and natural killer cells
  2. colony forming blastocysts which give rise to myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are the blood cells other than lymphocytes and grown in culture these that these cells form colonies hence the name colony forming processes sites
113
Q

Hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow are called

A

Uncommitted pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells

114
Q

Best source of UPHSC

A

Umbilical cord blood

115
Q

Changes in the development of red blood cells

A

Reduction in size (25u -7.2u in diameter)
disappearance of nuclei and nucleus appearance of hemoglobin
change in the staining properties of the cytoplasm
increase in number of the developing red blood cell

116
Q

STAGES OF ERYTHROPOIESIS

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Early normoblast
  3. Intermediate normoblast
  4. Late normoblast
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Matured erythrocyte.
117
Q

Actions of erythropoietin

A

a. Production of proerythroblasts from CFU-E of the bone marrow
b. Development of proerythroblasts into matured RBCs through the several stages
c. Release of matured erythrocytes into blood. Even some reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) are released along with matured RBCs.
Blood level of erythropoietin increases in anemia

118
Q

Vitamins necessary for erythropoiesis

A

Vitamin B: Its deficiency causes anemia and pellagra (disease characterized by skin lesions, diarrhea, weakness, nervousness and dementia).

b. Vitamin C: Its deficiency causes anemia and scurvy (ancient disease characterized by impaired collagen synthesis resulting in rough skin, bleeding gum, loosening of teeth, poor wound healing, bone pain, lethargy and emotional changes).

c. Vitamin D: Its deficiency causes anemia and rickets

d. Vitamin E: Its deficiency leads to anemia and malnutrition.

119
Q

Maturation factors of rbc

A

Vitamin B12, intrinsic factor and folic acid

120
Q

Examples of chronic hemorrhage

A

peptic ulcer, purpura, hemophilia and menorrhagia

121
Q

What is purpura?

A

Purpura occurs when small blood vessels leak blood under the skin e.g. from bruising from trauma

122
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

a medical condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury. The condition is typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor, most often factor VIII

123
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

abnormally heavy bleeding at menstruation.

124
Q

What is the number one cause of erythropoiesis?

A

hypoxia

125
Q

Describe the rbc in hemorrhagic anemia

A

Due to continuous loss of blood, lot of iron is lost
from the body causing iron deficiency. This affects the
synthesis of hemoglobin resulting in less hemoglobin
content in the cells. The cells also become small. Hence,
the RBCs are microcytic and hypochromic

126
Q

What is extrinsic hemolytic anemia?

A

. Extrinsic hemolytic anemia: It is the type of anemia
caused by destruction of RBCs by external factors.
Healthy RBCs are hemolized by factors outside the
blood cells such as antibodies, chemicals and drugs.
Extrinsic hemolytic anemia is also called autoimmune
hemolytic anemia.
Common causes of external hemolytic anemia:
i. Liver failure
ii. Renal disorder

127
Q

What is intrinsic anemia?

A

Intrinsic hemolytic anemia: It is the type of anemia
caused by destruction of RBCs because of the defective
RBCs. There is production of unhealthy RBCs, which are
short lived and are destroyed soon. Intrinsic hemolytic
anemia is often inherited and it includes sickle cell
anemia and thalassemia.
Because of the abnormal shape in sickle cell anemia
and thalassemia, the RBCs become more fragile and
susceptible for hemolysis.

128
Q

What is intrinsic anemia?

A

Intrinsic hemolytic anemia: It is the type of anemia
caused by destruction of RBCs because of the defective
RBCs. There is production of unhealthy RBCs, which are
short lived and are destroyed soon. Intrinsic hemolytic
anemia is often inherited and it includes sickle cell
anemia and thalassemia.
Because of the abnormal shape in sickle cell anemia
and thalassemia, the RBCs become more fragile and
susceptible for hemolysis.

128
Q

What is intrinsic anemia?

A

Intrinsic hemolytic anemia: It is the type of anemia
caused by destruction of RBCs because of the defective
RBCs. There is production of unhealthy RBCs, which are
short lived and are destroyed soon. Intrinsic hemolytic
anemia is often inherited and it includes sickle cell
anemia and thalassemia.
Because of the abnormal shape in sickle cell anemia
and thalassemia, the RBCs become more fragile and
susceptible for hemolysis.

129
Q

Most common type of anemia

A

anemia of chronic diseases after iron deficiency anemia)

130
Q

Hematinic principle

A

It is called the antianemia principle. It is the principle thought to be produced by the action of an intrinsic factor or an extrinsic factor.

131
Q

Plasma is made up of

A

7-10% dissolved substances
90-93% water

Physiology (5 decks)

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