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Physiology > PHS 201: Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

PHS 201: Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal -Skeletal muscle is the type that attaches to our bones and is used for movement and maintaining posture
  2. Cardiac - It is only found in the heart and it pumps blood
  3. Smooth - found in organs of the body such as the G.I. tract. Smooth muscle in the G.I. tract moves food and its digested products
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2
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Branching cells
one or two nuclei per cell
striated
involuntary
medium speed contractions (not as fast as skeletal but faster than that of smooth muscle)

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3
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A

Fusiform cells
One nucleus per cell
Nonstriated
Involuntary
Slow wave-like contractions
Found in the walls of hollow organs

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A

Long cylindrical cells
many nuclei per cell
striated
involuntary
rapid contractions

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5
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A

Produce movement
maintain posture and body position support soft tissues
guard entrance or exit
maintain body temperature
store nutrients reserves

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6
Q

What forms the tendon or aponeurosis of muscles

A

Endomysium perimysium and epimysium come together at ends of muscles to form connective tissue attachment to burn matrix i.e. tendon or aponeurosis

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7
Q

Role of the skeletal muscle muscular system

A

Supplies large amounts of oxygen supplies nutrients
carries away waste

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8
Q

Describe skeletal muscle fibers

A

They are very long
develop through fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblasts)
become very large
contain hundreds of nuclei

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9
Q

Nerve supply of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic nerves

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10
Q

Nerve supply of cardiac muscle

A

Autonomic nerves

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11
Q

Nerve supply of smooth muscle

A

Autonomic nerve fibers

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12
Q

Smooth muscle is also known as

A

Visceral muscle

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13
Q

What is fasciculi

A

The various groups in which muscle fibers are arranged in the connective tissue sheath that covers each fasciculus is called perimysium

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14
Q

What’s connected tissue sheath is directly beneath the facia of muscle

A

Epimysium

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15
Q

What is an Aponeurosis

A

Thin flat and stretched tough muscle tendon

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16
Q

What is sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane that encloses each muscle fiber that lies beneath the Endomysium

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17
Q

Function of the endomysium

A

Each muscle fibers covered by a connective tissue layer called the Endomysium

18
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the muscle

A

Sarcoplasm

19
Q

Structures embedded within the sarcoplasm

A

Nuclei
Myofibril
Gogi apparatus
mitochondria
sarcoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes glycogen droplets occasional lipid droplets

20
Q

What are Cohnheim’s areas or fields

A

These are groups in which some Myofibrils are arranged in

21
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

The sarcomere is defined as the structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle.
An arrangement of overlapping contractile proteins, actin and myosin within a myofibril to form light and dark striations.

22
Q

Describe the skeletal muscle levels of organization

A
  1. A muscle is made of many muscle cells, called muscle fibers
    1.1 bundles of muscle fibers are arranged in fascicles
  2. A muscle fiber is packed full of long fiber-like contractile organelles called myofibrils
  3. Myofibrils are made up of contractile proteins- myosin and actin
  4. Myosin and actin are arranged in overlapping stripes, organized into a unit called the sarcomere
23
Q

What is myosin?

A

Thick filament of within a myofibril

24
Q

What is actin?

A

Thin filament within a myofibril

25
Q

Z line

A

Boundary of sarcomere where actin attaches to adjoining sarcomere
the centers of the I bands
at two ends of the sarcomere

26
Q

A band

A

Dark band
Stretches end to end of myosin, contains both actin and myosin filaments

26
Q

A band

A

Dark band
Stretches end to end of myosin, contains both actin and myosin filaments

27
Q

I band

A

Light band
Space between myosin (only contains actin)

28
Q

H zone

A

Non-overlapping regions of myosin only (no actin)

29
Q

M line

A

Centre of the sarcomere holding adjacent myosin together with supporting proteins

30
Q

What is titin?

A

Titin:
Strands of protein
reach from the tips of thick filaments to the Z line, they stabilize the filaments

31
Q

Function of sarcomere

A

Transverse tubules encircle the sarcomere near zones of overlap
Ca2+ released by SR causes thin and thick filaments to interact
Muscle contraction

32
Q

What are the thin filament (actin) proteins?

A

Troponin
tropomyosin
F-actin
Nebulin

33
Q

Function of Tropomyosin

A

Is a double strand
Prevents actin-myosin interaction (binds to actin hindering the biding of myosin)

34
Q

Function of Troponin

A

A globular protein
Binds tropomyosin to G-actin
Controlled by Ca2+ (moves tropomyosin out of the way)

34
Q

Function of Troponin

A

A globular protein
Binds tropomyosin to G-actin
Controlled by Ca2+ (moves tropomyosin out of the way)

35
Q

Function of F-actin

A

F-actin (Filamentous actin)
Is two twisted rows of globular G-actin
The active sites on G-actin strands bind to myosin

36
Q

Function of nebulin

A

Nebulin
Holds F-actin strands together

37
Q

Function of the epimysium

A

Dense fibrous irregular connective tissue surrounding the skeletal muscle

38
Q

Function of the perimysium

A

Dense fibrous irregular connective tissue covering the fascicles

39
Q

How does the sarcomere change during contraction?

A

H zone - smaller
I band - smaller
Z lines - closer together
A band and M band, do not change

40
Q

Describe the steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. Muscle fibers experience a nerve impluse stimulating an action potential
    2,The Ca ions bind to the troponin
    This binding weakens troponin-tropomoysin complex and actin
    Troponin moiecule changes position, rolling the tropomyosin away from the active sites on actin
    Thus allowing them to interact with energized myosin heads

Physiology (5 decks)

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