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A&P Chapter 1 > PhRm > Flashcards

PhRm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the definitions of movement disorders?

A

Tremor, Chorea, Ballismus, Athetosis, Dystonia, Tics, Choreathetosis

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2
Q

What are the key structures involved in movement pathways?

A

Basal ganglia, Thalamus, Motor Cortex

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3
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in movement pathways?

A

Dopamine, GABA

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4
Q

What are the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

TRAP + Cognitive Decline

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5
Q

What pathway is affected by decreased dopamine levels in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Nigro-striatal pathway

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6
Q

What is the significance of Lewy Bodies in Parkinson’s disease?

A

They are associated with a prion-like disease

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7
Q

What is the primary treatment for restoring dopamine levels in Parkinson’s?

A

Levodopa

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8
Q

What are the common side effects of Levodopa?

A

Anorexia, N/V, Depression, Hallucination, Dyskinesia

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9
Q

What are the dopamine receptor agonists used in Parkinson’s treatment?

A

Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine

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10
Q

What are MAOIs used in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Selegiline, Rasagiline

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11
Q

What should be avoided in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopamine receptor antagonists, MPTP

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12
Q

What is reduced in the basal ganglia in Huntington’s disease?

A

GABA

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13
Q

What treatment depletes dopamine in Huntington’s disease?

A

Tetrabenazine

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14
Q

What is the clinical use of Aspirin?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, fever, clot prevention

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Aspirin?

A

COX-1 > COX-2

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16
Q

What are the common adverse effects of Indomethacin?

A

GI issues in 1/3 of patients

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17
Q

What are the long-term effects of glucocorticoids?

A

Immunosuppression, Diabetes, Obesity, Muscle wasting, Depression, Hypertension

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18
Q

What is the role of Annexin-1 in glucocorticoid action?

A

Suppresses Phospholipase A2, inhibits leukocyte response

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19
Q

What are the categories of DMARDs?

A

Non-biologic, Biologic

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20
Q

What are examples of non-biologic DMARDs?

A

Methotrexate, Cyclophosphamide, Cyclosporine

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21
Q

What are the types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Types I-IV (Anaphylaxis, Cytotoxic, Immune complex, Delayed)

22
Q

What are primary immunodeficiencies?

A

DiGeorge Syndrome, Agammaglobinemia, SCID

23
Q

What is the role of calcineurin inhibitors?

A

T-cell activation pathway

24
Q

What are the main effects of opioids on the CNS?

A

Analgesia, Euphoria, Sedation, Respiratory depression, Cough suppression

25
Q

What are the classifications of opioids?

A

Agonists, Partial agonists, Antagonists

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of opioids?

A

Bind to receptors in brain and spinal cord, reduce neurotransmitter release

27
Q

What are the effects of strong agonists like morphine?

A

Severe pain relief, euphoria, sedation

28
Q

What is the role of naloxone?

A

Opioid antagonist that reverses opioid effects

29
Q

What is the pharmacokinetics of opioids?

A

Well absorbed, highly perfused tissues, metabolized primarily in the liver

30
Q

What is the primary treatment for alcohol dependence?

A

Naltrexone

31
Q

What are the phases of drug development?

A

In vitro, Animals, 3-4 phase human trials

32
Q

What is the action of Methotrexate?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, interferes with DNA/RNA synthesis

33
Q

What are the categories of immunosuppressive agents?

A

Glucocorticoids, Calcineurin inhibitors, Cytotoxic agents, Immunosuppressive antibodies

34
Q

What is Dexamethasone used for?

A

• Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)
• Suppression of allergy and inflammatory reactions
• Asthma
• Transplantation

35
Q

What are the side effects of Dexamethasone?

A

• Immunodeficiency
• Exogenous Cushing’s Syndrome

36
Q

What is the role of Calcineurin in T-cell activation?

A

Calcineurin is necessary for T-cell receptor signaling and activation.

37
Q

What is Cyclosporine?

A

A peptide antibiotic used for transplantation, GVHD, and other autoimmune disorders.

38
Q

What are the toxicities associated with Cyclosporine?

A

• Kidney toxicity
• High blood pressure
• Hyperglycemia
• Liver toxicity
• Seizures

39
Q

What is Tacrolimus?

A

A macrolide antibiotic with similar uses and toxicities to Cyclosporine, also used topically for atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.

40
Q

What is Azathioprine?

A

An antimetabolite targeting rapidly proliferating cells, used for immunosuppression and anti-cancer.

41
Q

What is the main side effect of Azathioprine?

A

Leukocytopenia caused by bone marrow suppression.

42
Q

What is Cyclophosphamide?

A

An alkylating agent that destroys proliferating lymphoid and cancer cells, potent in autoimmune disorders in smaller doses.

43
Q

What are the categories of immunosuppressive agents?

A

• Glucocorticoids
• Calcineurin Inhibitors
• Cytotoxic Agents
• Immunosuppressive Antibodies
• Additional Agents

44
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ are antibodies created in the lab, directed against cell-surface antigens/receptors.

A

[Immunosuppressive Antibodies]

45
Q

What are examples of Glucocorticoids?

A

• Prednisone
• Hydrocortisone
• Dexamethasone

46
Q

What does Methotrexate inhibit?

A

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), blocking DNA/RNA synthesis.

47
Q

What are some examples of antineoplastic drugs?

A

• Antimetabolites: 6-MP, 5-FU
• Plant-Based: Vincristine, Paclitaxel
• Antibiotics: Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin, Bleomycin
• Hormonal: Corticosteroids, Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant
• Miscellaneous: Imatinib, Trastuzumab, Rituximab

48
Q

What types of hypersensitivity exist?

A

• Type I: Anaphylaxis
• Type II: Cytotoxic
• Type III: Immune Complex
• Type IV: Delayed

49
Q

What are the key defense mechanisms in the immune response?

A

• Cytokines: ILs, TNF, IFNs, Growth Factors

50
Q

True or False: Cyclophosphamide is used only in cancer treatment.

A

False

51
Q

What is the mechanism of action for cytotoxic agents?

A

They kill rapidly proliferating cells.

A&P Chapter 1 (4 decks)

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