Pharm Final

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the immune system?

Answer 1

Prevent pathogen invasion, eliminate pathogens, and limit the spread of infection.

Question 2

Which cytokine promotes inflammation and kills tumor cells?

Answer 2

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF).

Question 3

What are chemokines?

Answer 3

Proteins that attract immune cells to infection sites.

Question 4

What is the cause of DiGeorge Syndrome?

Answer 4

Lack of a thymus, resulting in no T cells.

Question 5

What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE?

Answer 5

Type I hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis, allergies).

Question 6

Which autoimmune disease involves autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 6

Myasthenia Gravis.

Question 7

What is a characteristic finding in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Answer 7

Autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA.

Question 8

What is the mechanism of calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine?

Answer 8

Inhibit T-cell activation by blocking IL-2 production.

Question 9

What is the primary use of monoclonal antibody Adalimumab?

Answer 9

To block TNF-alpha in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 10

Which drug is used to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 10

Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM).

Question 11

Which ion is responsible for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential?

Answer 11

Calcium (Ca²⁺).

Question 12

What maintains the automaticity of pacemaker cells?

Answer 12

Funny currents (If).

Question 13

What is the mechanism of action of beta blockers like metoprolol?

Answer 13

Block β1 receptors to reduce heart rate and contractility.

Question 14

What does nitroglycerin do to relieve angina?

Answer 14

Increases cGMP, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

Question 15

How does digoxin increase cardiac output?

Answer 15

Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium for stronger contractions.

Question 16

What is the role of ACE inhibitors in heart failure?

Answer 16

Reduce preload and afterload by blocking angiotensin II production.

Question 17

Which class of antiarrhythmics prolongs the refractory period by blocking potassium channels?

Answer 17

Class III (e.g., Amiodarone).

Question 18

Which antiarrhythmic is a sodium channel blocker used for ventricular arrhythmias?

Answer 18

Lidocaine.

Question 19

What are the four phases of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 19

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination (ADME).

Question 20

What is the therapeutic index?

Answer 20

A measure of drug safety, defined as the ratio of toxic dose to effective dose.

Question 21

What happens if a drug is metabolized by a P450 enzyme inhibitor?

Answer 21

The drug’s concentration increases, potentially causing toxicity.

Question 22

Which class of antibiotics inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Answer 22

Beta-lactams (e.g., Penicillins, Cephalosporins).

Question 23

What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin?

Answer 23

Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase.

Question 24

Which antibiotic class binds to the 30S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 24

Tetracyclines.

Question 25

What’s the best way to group drugs for memorization?

Answer 25

By class, mechanism, and clinical application (e.g., Beta blockers: reduce HR, treat hypertension).

Question 26

Why is understanding the mechanism of action important?

Answer 26

It helps predict drug effects, interactions, and side effects.