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A&P Chapter 1 > Lect 1 > Flashcards

Lect 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the term ‘homeostasis’?

A

Walter Cannon

Walter Cannon was a physiologist who, in 1929, coined the term “homeostasis” to describe the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions

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2
Q

What did Walter Cannon refer to as the ‘internal environment’?

A

Extracellular fluid

He referred to the “internal environment” as the extracellular fluid, which is the fluid surrounding cells.

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3
Q

What must remain relatively constant to support cellular processes?

A

Extracellular fluid

This fluid must remain relatively constant to support cellular processes.

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4
Q

Steady state

A

What goes in must = what comes out

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5
Q

Steady state definition

A

The idea here is that for the body to maintain homeostasis, the amount of energy and nutrients coming into the body (inputs) must be balanced by what is used or expelled (outputs). This is referred to as a “steady state.”

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6
Q

Homeostasis in Peripheral Circulatory Beds:

A

primary function is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to the tissues while also removing waste products.

“Deliver Only Enough to Meet Tissue Needs”

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7
Q

Homeostasis examples

A

2 heart pumps, lungs, GI, kidney, peripheral vascular beds

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8
Q

Major control systems in the body

A

Negative Feedback

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9
Q

“Sensed”

A

The body reacts to oppose/ counteract change

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10
Q

Ex negative feedback

A

⬆️CO2 ———- ⬆️ ventilation ______ ⬇️ CO2

⬇️MAP ——— ⬇️ parasympathetic outflow——— ⬆️MAP

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11
Q

Positive feedback : physiological

A

Body response by amplifying this change !

Good for some things ( during labor and delivery) checkpoint = birth
Bad for other things ( uncontrollably bleeding 🩸 Unchecked point = death

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12
Q

Physiologic blood clotting

A
  1. Cascade / platelet plug formation
  2. Clotting factor activation
    TXA2 - medicated vasospasm ( checkpoint = bleeding 🩸 stops 🛑 )
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13
Q

Viscous cycles : Pathological

A

If the positive feedback runs out of control ( unchecked) it turns to viscous cycles

Severe Hemorrhages 🩸

Sepsis / necrosis 🦠

Severe acidosis: CNS effects 🧠

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14
Q

Feedback in action

A

Compensated shock : negative feedback works well to maintain
Decompensated shock : positive feedback leads to death

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15
Q

Administration of anesthesia can

A

Alter system physiology (Crazy response) coz you’re taking control of body Normal response

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16
Q

Change is negative to the ————-

A

Stimuli

any deviation from a set point or desired condition triggers a response that counteracts the change.

For example, in the human body, if body temperature rises above the normal range, mechanisms like sweating are activated to cool it down and restore the normal temperature.

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17
Q

Smallest living unit

A

Cell

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18
Q

Cell ———- ? ————-organs

A

Cell ➡️ tissue ➡️ organs ➡️ body

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19
Q

How many cells are in our body

A

35 trillion, among the, 25 trillion are RBC

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20
Q

Cells are capable of sustaining there own life by

A

Enzymatic machinery for ATP

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21
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells

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22
Q

RBC can’t replication

A

Most cells can replicate, either independently or
with the help of nearby progenitor cells.

Red Blood Cells: Lack the nucleus and genetic material needed for
replication; they are replenished by stem cells in the bone marrow.

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23
Q

Heart cell replicate slow

A

So neurons

24
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Insides stuffs in and outside stuff out

Border

25
Q

Cell wall
/ membrane are made out of

A

Phospholipids

26
Q

Function of Phospholipids Bilayer

A

Barrier: This bilayer acts as a selective barrier. It allows certain substances to pass while blocking others, particularly charged or polar molecules which have difficulty passing through the hydrophobic interior.

•	Selective Permeability: To cross the cell membrane, charged or polar molecules often need specific transport proteins or channels.
27
Q

hydrophilic (head)

A

face outward towards the water inside and outside

28
Q

Hydrophobic (lipid tails )-

A

face inward, away from the water,
-creating a hydrophobic core.
-Doesn’t have a charge
- oily (bulk of cell wall)

29
Q

Amount of water in cell

A

70-85%

30
Q

Some cell doesn’t have lots of water inside are :

A

Adipose cell ( fatty cell) lipids
Fats don’t like water

31
Q

Fluid inside of the cell are

A

Cytoplasm :;:::::

32
Q

Chemical reactions takes place in

A

Cytoplasm

33
Q

Barrier to keep our DNA protected,
packed of out of reach viruses 🦠

A

Nucleus

34
Q

Nucleus wall are made out of

A

double phospholipid bilayer

35
Q

Nuclear compartments

A

1.Pores
2. Nucleoplasm
3. Endoplasmic reticulum
4. Nucleolus
5. Nuclear envelope- outer and inner membranes
6. Chromatin material (DNA)
7. cytoplasm

36
Q

Pores

A

Only few things can enter such as steroids

Opening in the nucleus envelop

37
Q

DNA

A

turned on and off to help the cell accomplish different tasks.

38
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum are located in

A

Muscular cell

39
Q

ER are located in the

A

Nucleus wall

40
Q

ER also stores

A

Calcium

41
Q

ER also stores

A

Calcium

42
Q

3 main functions of ER

A
  • produce protein & Lipids
  • storage of calcium
43
Q

Rough(granular ) ER

A

Machine for producing Protein

44
Q

Little dot outside the rough ER called

A

Ribosomes

45
Q

Ribosomes

A

-genetic instructions that come from the DNA in a nucleus, and it translates those instructions into protein.
- Brings amino acids and sticks together to produce protein

46
Q

Smooth ER (no ribosomes) function

A

Fats (lipids) production

47
Q

Post- Translation area of protein

A

Golgi Apparatus

48
Q

Translation of protein happens in

A

Ribosomes

49
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Modified protein (packaged in containers ) will be sent out via vesicles to the body

50
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Travels with protein

51
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

transport and store substances, typically proteins and other molecules, that are meant to be secreted outside the cell.

52
Q

Protein function in cell wall :

A

These proteins, which are made of strings of amino acids, can form channels or transporters that facilitate the movement of charged or water-soluble molecules across the otherwise impermeable membrane.

53
Q

Protein formation process

A

DNA 🧬 Transcription
⬇️
RNA produce
⬇️
Ribosomes (participates in translation of messenger RNA)
⬇️
Protein

54
Q

RNA

A

which is a copy of DNA without the deoxyribose, exits the nucleus and carries the genetic instructions to the ribosomes.

55
Q

RNA role in protein synthesis

A

-A contains a sequence of nucleotides that determine the order in which amino acids are linked together to form proteins.

-Ribosomes read the RNA sequence, attaching the corresponding amino acids to create a protein chain. As the chain forms, it folds into a specific shape, which can be further modified in the Golgi apparatus to become functional.

56
Q

RNA role in protein synthesis

A

-A contains a sequence of nucleotides that determine the order in which amino acids are linked together to form proteins.

-Ribosomes read the RNA sequence, attaching the corresponding amino acids to create a protein chain. As the chain forms, it folds into a specific shape, which can be further modified in the Golgi apparatus to become functional.

57
Q

Organelles inside the cell are:

A

Secretory vesicles - transports packed proteins

Mitochondria- to help with ATP from energy compounds and oxygen

Lysosome- digestion ( uses acidic environment to breakdown)

Peroxisome - digest ( helps to destroy toxic in liver , breaks down alcohol using oxidation)

Enzymes- suffix “ase “ sodium potassium ATPase is an enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions pumps by metabolizing sodium and potassium or ATPase (muscle contraction)

Structural components- Cells use internal structures, like filaments and proteins, to maintain their shape and provide stability against external stresses. These components help support the cell and keep it in a defined shape.

Sugars “Glyco- “ “Carboxy” - used for energy or formation protein , ID Tags, Located in the cell wall

A&P Chapter 1 (4 decks)

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