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biology!🌺🌱 > photosynthesis & respiration > Flashcards

photosynthesis & respiration Flashcards

look at cycles and diagrams also

1
Q

reduction =

(biology version)

A

gain of electrons & gain of H2

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2
Q

which organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

A

chloroplast

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3
Q

thylakoid =

A

folded membrane containing chlorophyll

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4
Q

grana =

A

stack of thylakoids

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5
Q

which part of the chloroplast does the ‘light-dependant’ reaction occur in?

A

thylakoid membranes

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6
Q

summary of ‘light-dependant’ reaction

A

light energy & H2O used to prod. reduced NADP & ATP

(NADP –> P for photosynthesis)

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7
Q

the 4 stages of the ‘light-dependant’ reaction

A
  1. photolysis
  2. photoionisation
  3. photophosphorylation
  4. chemiosmosis
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8
Q

‘photolysis’

A
  • the breaking down of H2O molecules, using light energy
  • prod H+ & e-
  • O2 formed (waste product)
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9
Q

‘photoionisation’

A
  • light energy absorbed by chlorophyll
  • excites electrons to higher energy level
  • electrons emitted from chlorophyll
  • leaves +vely charged chorophyll ion
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10
Q

‘photophosphorylisation’

A
  • excited electrons passed along electron transfer chain, releasing energy
  • electron carriers reduced then oxidised (gain then lose elc)
  • excited elc gradually loses energy when passed along chain
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11
Q

‘chemiosmosis’

A
  • the energy released by the excited elc moving down the etc. actively transports H+ protons from the stroma –> thylakoid lumen
  • electrochemical gradient created
  • the H+ protons return to stroma via faciliated diffusion, through ATP synthase
    (process prov. energy needed to prod atp –> Pi added to ADP via ATP synthase)
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12
Q

the cycle for the ‘light-independant’ reaction is called…

A

the calvin cycle

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13
Q

which part of the chloroplast does the ‘light-independant’ reaction occur in?

A

the stroma

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14
Q

summary of the ‘light-independant’ reaction

A

reduced NADP used to prod. simple sugar
(energy prov. by hydrolysis of ATP)

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15
Q

describe the calvin cylcle (5)

A
  1. 5C RuBp (ribulose biphophate) **combines **with CO2
  2. prod. two 3C glycerate(-3)phosphate (GP), using ATP
  3. GP reduced to 3C TP (triose phosphate)
  4. using electrons from red. NADP & energy from ATP
  5. two molecules of TP = hexose
  6. all RuBp regenerated
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16
Q

facrors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • intensity of light
  • wavelength of light
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17
Q

why might chloroplasts absorb certain wavelengths of light better than others?

A

chloroplasts contain diff. photosynthetic pigments –> absorb diff. wavelengths
(chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B & carotenoids etc)

18
Q

explain why CO2 is limiting for top leaves of trees

A
  1. light isn’t limiting –> rate of LDR is fast
  2. temp isn’t limiting –> fast reactions of enzymes in LDR
  3. high use of CO2 –> LDR is limiting
19
Q

explain how O2 production shows photosynthesis

A
  • O2 prod. in LDR
  • faster O2 production = faster LDR
20
Q

chromotography

explain why origin marked in pencil (2)

A
  • ink & leaf pigments would mix
  • pencil line remains in same position
21
Q

chromatography

name 2 advantage of diff. pigments

A
  1. absorbs more wavelengths of light for photosynthesis
  2. more efficient photosynthesis if some wavelengths not present
22
Q

which organelle does aerobic respiration occur in?

A

mitochondria

23
Q

name the diff. stages of aerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. link reaction
  3. krebs cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
24
Q

which parts of the mitochondria do the diff. stages of aerobic resp. occur in?

A
  1. glycolysis –> cytoplasm
  2. link reaction –> matrix
  3. krebs cycle –> matrix
  4. oxidative phosphorylation –> inner membrane of mitochondrial cristae
25
Q

‘glycolysis’

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose using ATP
  • oxidation of TP to pyruvate
  • net gain of ATP
  • NAD reduced
26
Q

‘link reaction’

A
  • pyruvate oxidised into acetate, losing H2 & prod. reduced NAD
  • acetate combines w coenzymeA –> prod acetylcoenzymeA –> also releases CO2
  • thus ‘oxidative decarboxylation’ occurs
    (for every glucose molecule in glycolysis, LR occurs 2x as 2 pyruvates prod in glycolysis)
27
Q

‘krebs cycle’

A
  • a 4C molecule combines with 2C acetylcoA, forming 6C citrate which enters cycle & releasing coenzymeA
  • oxidative decarboxylation of citrate –> CO2 lost & H2 removed to reduce coenzymes NAD n FAD
  • ‘subtrate level phosphorylation’ occurs –> energy from dehydrogenation used to form ATP from ADP + Pi
  • 4C molecule regenerated
28
Q

‘oxidative phosphorylation’

A
  • coenzymes donate H2 to one of the proteins
  • H2 atoms split into protons & elc
  • elc transferred down etc –> prov. energy for H+ protons to move into intermembrane space
  • oxygen = final electron acceptor –> H2O formed
29
Q

how is ATP prod in both photosynthesis & resp?

(chemiosmotic theory)

A

protons diffuse down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase enzyme, embedded in membranes of cellular organelles

30
Q

explain why plants make ATP in both respiration & photosynthesis

A
  1. photosynthesis doesnt prod ATP in darkness
  2. ATP cannot be moved from cell to cell
  3. plant uses more ATP than prod. in photosynthesis eg for active transport
  4. so ATP must also prod via resp
31
Q

state when NAD reduced in resp

A
  • glycolysis
  • LR
  • krebs cycle
32
Q

state when CO2 is made in resp

A
  • LR
  • krebs cycle
33
Q

describe how acetylcoA formed

A
  1. H2 removed from pyruvate & CO2 released
  2. addition of coenzymeA
34
Q

describe how ATP made in mitochondria

A
  1. ‘substrate level phosphorylation’
  2. krebs cycle & LR prod. coenzymeA, red NAD n FAD –> elc released
  3. electrons pass along etc
  4. protons move into intermembrane space
  5. energy released to join ADP + Pi –> ATP
  6. through ATP synthase
35
Q

anaerobic resp

A
  • no final electron acceptor
  • no krebs cycle
  • ATP can still be prod via glycolysis when NAD is oxidised
36
Q

anaerobic resp

ethanol pathway

(used by yeast & microorganisms)

A
  • pyruvate from glycolysis decarboxylated to ethanal
  • ethanal reduced to ethanol via enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
  • ethanal = hydrogen acceptor (frrom oxidation of red NAD)
  • ethanol CANNOT be metabolised
37
Q

anaerobic resp

lactate pathway

(used by mammals)

A
  • red NAD transfers its hydrogens to pyruvate to convert it to lactate
  • pyruvate also reduced to lactate by enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
  • pyruvate = hydrogen acceptor
  • lactate CAN be further metabolised
38
Q

advantage of converting lactate back into pyruvate

A
  1. pyruvate = energy source
  2. mucles have increased ATP supply
  3. restores pH levels
39
Q

explain why coloured liquid moves into respirometer

A
  1. oxygen taken up in aerobic resp
  2. CO2 given out absorbed by KOH sol
  3. decrease in volume of gas
40
Q

explain why respirometer is airtight

A
  1. no oxygen can enter
  2. no carbon dioxide can escape
  3. allows accurate measuring
  4. prevents entry of microorganisms
  5. prevents competition with yeast
41
Q

suggest why respirometer left for 10 mins

A
  1. equilibrium reached
  2. allows resp rate to stabilise
42
Q

how to get reliable results

A
  1. repeat to identify anomalies
  2. carry out statistical tests to ensure results are significant

biology!🌺🌱 (16 decks)

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