Photosynthesis & Respiration Flashcards
What is the primary pigment which is used to absorb light in chloroplasts?
chlorophyll A.
What name is given to the arrangement of accessory pigments used to absorb light energy from a wide range of wavelengths?
light harvesting system.
What name is given to the arrangement of proteins containing the primary pigment which carries out the reactions of the light-dependent stage?
reaction centre.
What name is given to the arrangement of accessory and primary pigments grouped together to gather and use light energy?
photosystem.
What are the three products of photolysis?
- protons
- electrons
- oxygen
What are the two useful products of the light-dependent reaction?
- ATP
- NADP
In the light-dependent reaction, excited electrons lost from photosystem I are replaced from where?
From the electron transport chain starting from photosystem II.
Which photosystems are involved in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
photosystem I and photosystem II.
Which photosystem is involved in cyclic photophosphorylation?
photosystem I.
What is the name of the five-carbon compound combined with carbon dioxide in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle?
RuBP.
Which enzyme catalyses the production of an unstable six-carbon compound in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle?
RubisCO.
What substance is produced by the breakdown of the unstable six-carbon compound in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle?
GP.
What substance is produced by the reduction of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) in the Calvin cycle?
TP.
What happens to the majority of the triose phosphate produced by the Calvin cycle?
used to regenerate RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate).
What is meant by the term fixation of carbon dioxide?
Incorporating carbon dioxide into an organic compound.
Triose phosphate (TP) can be used to synthesise which organic molecules?
- carbohydrates
- amino acids
- lipids
What are the products of glycolysis?
- pyruvate
- ATP
- NADH
Where in a cell do the reactions of glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm.
What substance is produced in the first step of glycolysis?
hexose bisphosphate.
What is the name of the first three-carbon molecule produced in glycolysis?
triose phosphate (TP).
What are the three types of chemical reaction involved in glycolysis?
- phosphorylation
- lysis
- oxidation
Which coenzyme acts as the hydrogen acceptor in glycolysis?
NAD.
How many pyruvate molecules are produced from each glucose molecule in glycolysis?
2.
What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?
2x ATP.
What is the term for the formation of ATP which does not involve the electron transport chain?
substrate-level phosphorylation.
What is the first step of the link reaction?
oxidative decarboxylation.
What is the name of the two-carbon compound produced from pyruvate? This molecule is then bound to a coenzyme.
acetyl.
Which two coenzymes are involved in the link reaction?
- coenzyme A
- NAD
Where in the cell does the link reaction occur?
in the matrix of the mitochondria.
What is the end product of the link reaction?
acetyl CoA.
Name the four-carbon compound which combines with acetyl in the Krebs cycle.
Oxaloacetate.
What is the six-carbon compound formed in the first step of the Krebs cycle?
Citrate (citric acid).
What two chemical processes are involved in the conversion of the six-carbon compound into a five-carbon compound?
- decarboxylation
- oxidation/dehydrogenation
Which coenzymes act as hydrogen acceptors in the Krebs cycle
- NAD
- FAD
Where in the cell are the reactions of the Krebs cycle carried out?
in the mitochondrial matrix.
What is the name of the arrangement of proteins in the mitochondrial cristae which accepts high energy electrons from reduced NAD?
the electron-transport chain.
What term is used to describe the reaction involving the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?
redox reactions.
In respiration, what is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?
oxygen.
What is the waste product at the end of the electron-transport chain in respiration
water.
Which respiratory substrate yields the greatest amount of ATP per gram?
lipids.
What is meant by the term respiratory quotient?
the amount of CO2 released, compared with the amoun tof O2 used, during respiration.
What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient with a value less than 1?
the organism is using lipids and proteins (/amino acids) as respiratory substrates, in addition to carbohydrates.
What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient greater than 1?
The organism is using anaerobic respiration.
