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Biology > Photosynthesis & Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis & Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the primary pigment which is used to absorb light in chloroplasts?

A

chlorophyll A.

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2
Q

What name is given to the arrangement of accessory pigments used to absorb light energy from a wide range of wavelengths?

A

light harvesting system.

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3
Q

What name is given to the arrangement of proteins containing the primary pigment which carries out the reactions of the light-dependent stage?

A

reaction centre.

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4
Q

What name is given to the arrangement of accessory and primary pigments grouped together to gather and use light energy?

A

photosystem.

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5
Q

What are the three products of photolysis?

A
  • protons
  • electrons
  • oxygen
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6
Q

What are the two useful products of the light-dependent reaction?

A
  • ATP
  • NADP
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7
Q

In the light-dependent reaction, excited electrons lost from photosystem I are replaced from where?

A

From the electron transport chain starting from photosystem II.

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8
Q

Which photosystems are involved in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

photosystem I and photosystem II.

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9
Q

Which photosystem is involved in cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

photosystem I.

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10
Q

What is the name of the five-carbon compound combined with carbon dioxide in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle?

A

RuBP.

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11
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the production of an unstable six-carbon compound in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle?

A

RubisCO.

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12
Q

What substance is produced by the breakdown of the unstable six-carbon compound in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle?

A

GP.

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13
Q

What substance is produced by the reduction of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) in the Calvin cycle?

A

TP.

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14
Q

What happens to the majority of the triose phosphate produced by the Calvin cycle?

A

used to regenerate RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate).

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15
Q

What is meant by the term fixation of carbon dioxide?

A

Incorporating carbon dioxide into an organic compound.

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16
Q

Triose phosphate (TP) can be used to synthesise which organic molecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • amino acids
  • lipids
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17
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A
  • pyruvate
  • ATP
  • NADH
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18
Q

Where in a cell do the reactions of glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm.

19
Q

What substance is produced in the first step of glycolysis?

A

hexose bisphosphate.

20
Q

What is the name of the first three-carbon molecule produced in glycolysis?

A

triose phosphate (TP).

21
Q

What are the three types of chemical reaction involved in glycolysis?

A
  • phosphorylation
  • lysis
  • oxidation
22
Q

Which coenzyme acts as the hydrogen acceptor in glycolysis?

A

NAD.

23
Q

How many pyruvate molecules are produced from each glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2.

24
Q

What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2x ATP.

25
Q

What is the term for the formation of ATP which does not involve the electron transport chain?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation.

26
Q

What is the first step of the link reaction?

A

oxidative decarboxylation.

27
Q

What is the name of the two-carbon compound produced from pyruvate? This molecule is then bound to a coenzyme.

A

acetyl.

28
Q

Which two coenzymes are involved in the link reaction?

A
  • coenzyme A
  • NAD
29
Q

Where in the cell does the link reaction occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria.

30
Q

What is the end product of the link reaction?

A

acetyl CoA.

31
Q

Name the four-carbon compound which combines with acetyl in the Krebs cycle.

A

Oxaloacetate.

32
Q

What is the six-carbon compound formed in the first step of the Krebs cycle?

A

Citrate (citric acid).

33
Q

What two chemical processes are involved in the conversion of the six-carbon compound into a five-carbon compound?

A
  • decarboxylation
  • oxidation/dehydrogenation
34
Q

Which coenzymes act as hydrogen acceptors in the Krebs cycle

A
  • NAD
  • FAD
35
Q

Where in the cell are the reactions of the Krebs cycle carried out?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix.

36
Q

What is the name of the arrangement of proteins in the mitochondrial cristae which accepts high energy electrons from reduced NAD?

A

the electron-transport chain.

37
Q

What term is used to describe the reaction involving the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?

A

redox reactions.

38
Q

In respiration, what is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

oxygen.

39
Q

What is the waste product at the end of the electron-transport chain in respiration

A

water.

40
Q

Which respiratory substrate yields the greatest amount of ATP per gram?

A

lipids.

41
Q

What is meant by the term respiratory quotient?

A

the amount of CO2 released, compared with the amoun tof O2 used, during respiration.

42
Q

What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient with a value less than 1?

A

the organism is using lipids and proteins (/amino acids) as respiratory substrates, in addition to carbohydrates.

43
Q

What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient greater than 1?

A

The organism is using anaerobic respiration.

Biology (13 decks)

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