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Biology > Cellular Control & Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Cellular Control & Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is chromosome mutation?

A

A change in the number or sequence of genes on a chromosome.

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of chromosome mutation?

A
  • Duplication
  • Deletion
  • Translocation
  • Inversion
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3
Q

What is a translocation chromosome mutation?

A

when a section of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome.

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4
Q

What is an inversion chromosome mutation?

A

when a section of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to the same chromosome, but is inverted.

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5
Q

What is meant by post-transcriptional control?

A

modification of pre-mRNA to produce mature mRNA.

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6
Q

What are introns?

A

sections of non-coding RNA or DNA.

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7
Q

What is meant by post-translational control?

A

modification of mRNA after they have been synthesised.

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8
Q

What is the name of the compound used in cells to add a phosphate group to a protein?

A

cAMP.

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9
Q

What is the function of homeobox genes?

A

to act as regulatory genes which control the expression of genes involved in growth and development.

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10
Q

What are highly conserved genes?

A

genes which show very little mutation and are very similar between diverse groups of organisms.

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11
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

the group of homeobox genes that control the body plan in animals.

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12
Q

Which two cellular processes are important for the morphology (shape) of organisms?

A

mitosis & apoptosis.

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13
Q

What is chlorosis?

A

the production of too little chlorophyll, making leaves appear yellow.

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14
Q

What are 3 environmental factors that cause chlorosis?

A
  • insufficient sunlight
  • mineral deficiency
  • viral infections
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15
Q

How does sexual reproduction lead to genetic variation?

A
  • random mating
  • random fertilisation
  • recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
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16
Q

What is monogenic inheritance?

A

the inheritance of a single gene.

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17
Q

What is codominance?

A

equal dominance between two alleles, resulting in both alleles being expressed in the genotype.

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18
Q

What is a sex linked gene?

A

a gene located on a sex chromosome.

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19
Q

What is autosomal linkage?

A

when both alleles occur on the same chromatid so the alleles are inherited together unless crossing-over occurs.

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20
Q

What is epistasis?

A

the interaction between different genes, where the expression of one gene is affected by the expression of another gene at a different locus.

21
Q

What process leads to the appearance of new alleles of a gene?

A

mutation.

22
Q

What is meant by the term gene pool?

A

the total number of different genes present in an interbreeding population.

23
Q

What is meant by the term gene flow?

A

the movement of genes from one population to another.

24
Q

What is meant by the term genetic drift?

A

a change in the allele frequency of a population due to chance.

25
Q

What are the 3 levels of control of gene expression?

A
  • transcriptional
  • post-transcriptional
  • post-translational
26
Q

How can gene expression be controlled at a transcriptional level?

A

by altering the rate of transcription of genes (which is controlled by transcription factors).

27
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

proteins that bind to DNA and switch genes on and off by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription.

28
Q

What are transcription factors that increase the rate of transcription called?

A

activators.

29
Q

What are transcription factors that decrease the rate of transcription called?

A

repressors.

30
Q

Where do transcription factors bind in prokaryotes, to control gene expression?

A

operons.

31
Q

What is an operon?

A

a section of DNA that contains a cluster of structural genes, that are transcribed together, as well as control elements, and sometimes a regulatory gene.

32
Q

What do control elements include?

A
  • promoter
  • operator
33
Q

What is a promoter?

A

a DNA sequence located before the structural genes that RNA polymerase binds to.

34
Q

What is an operator?

A

a DNA sequence that transcription factors bind to.

35
Q

What 3 structural genes does a lac operon have?

A
  • lacZ
  • lacY
  • lacA
36
Q

What occurs in a lac operon when lactose is present?

A
  • lactose binds to the repressor, changing the repressor’s shape so it can no longer bind to the operator site.
  • RNA polymerase can now begin transcription of structural genes.
37
Q

What occurs in a lac operon when lactose isn’t present?

A
  • the regulatory gene (lacI) produces the lac repressor, which is a transcription factor that binds to the operator site when there’s no lactose present.
  • this blocks transcription because RNA polymerase can’t bind to the promoter.
38
Q

What are primary mRNA transcripts?

A

mRNA strands containing introns and exons.

39
Q

What is splicing?

A

the process where introns are removed from primary mRNA strands to form mature mRNA strands (happens in the nucleus).

40
Q

What does cAMP do at the post-translational level?

A
  • protein activation molecules can bind to cell membranes and trigger the production of cAMP in the cell.
  • cAMP activates proteins in the cell by altering their 3D structure (e.g: change the active site of an enzyme).
41
Q

What is a body plan?

A

the general structure of an organism.

42
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

genes that code for the proteins that control body plan development.

43
Q

What is the homeodomain?

A

a protein that binds to specific sites on DNA, enabling the protein to work as a transcription factor.

44
Q

What is codominance?

A

when both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, neither one is recessive.

45
Q

What does the phenotypic ratio 3:1 (dominant : recessive) in the F2 generation indicate about the type of genetic cross?

A

it’s a monogenic cross (e.g: RR x rr).

46
Q

What does the phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1 in the F2 generation indicate about the type of genetic cross?

A

it’s a dihybrid cross (e.g: RRYY x rryy).

47
Q

What does the phenotypic ratio 1:2:1 in the F2 generation indicate about the type of genetic cross?

A

it’s a codominant cross (e.g: H^N H^N x H^S H^S)

48
Q

What are 2 examples of X-linked disorders?

A
  • colour blindness
  • haemophilia
49
Q

How do you know if your calculate value is significant or not (e.g: in a chi squared test)?

A

if the calculated value is larger than the critical value, then it is significant.

Biology (13 decks)

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