Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Animal Responses & Excretion > Flashcards

Animal Responses & Excretion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which type of muscle has the slowest contraction speed?

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two types of muscles are striated?

A

cardiac and skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which type of muscle is branched?

A

cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which type of muscle is multinucleated?

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which type of muscle is capable of remaining contracted for relatively long periods of time?

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is actin?

A

a molecule that forms the thin protein filaments in myofibrils in muscle fibre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is myosin?

A

a molecule that forms the thick protein filaments in myofibrils in muscle fibre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is sarcomere?

A

the distance between adjacent Z-lines on a myofibril.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the name of the band on a sarcomere where actin and myosin do not overlap?

A

the I-band.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the name of the band on a sarcomere where actin and myosin do overlap?

A

the dark-band (A-band).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which protein filament is present in the H zone of a sarcomere?

A

myosin (filament).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

where a motor neurone meets a skeletal muscle fibre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which ions are released when an action potential reaches a neuromuscular junction?

A

Calcium ions (Ca2+).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine (ACh).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholinase (AChase).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What change occurs when an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head during muscle contraction?

A

the myosin head detaches from the actin filament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What change in the myosin head takes place when energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

The myosin head changes its shape causing it to return to its original position.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is needed for what two processes during muscle contraction?

A

Movement of myosin heads and active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction?

A

to act as a reserve supply of phosphate ions to reform ATP quickly during short bursts of high activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which part of the brain controls learning, memory and conscious thoughts?

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which part of the brain controls unconscious actions including posture and balance?

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which part of the brain controls breathing rate and heart rate?

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which part of the brain is the regulatory centre for temperature and water balance?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

the part of the brain that stores and secretes hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define the term excretion.

A

The removal of waste products of cell metabolism from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the three main waste products which need to be excreted in mammals?

A
  • CO2
  • bile pigments
  • urea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do hepatocytes respond to insulin?

A

They take up glucose and convert it into glycogen for storage.

29
Q

What is deamination?

A

a process where the liver removes the amine group from amino acids when breaking down excess proteins.

30
Q

What does the ornithine cycle do?

A

combines ammonia with carbon dioxide to produce urea (in the liver).

31
Q

What is detoxification?

A

The breakdown of alcohol and drug molecules.

32
Q

Name the three main areas which can be seen when a whole kidney is cut open.

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • pelvis
33
Q

What is a nephron?

A

the microscopic functional units of the kidney responsible for producing urine.

34
Q

What are the four main mechanisms that must occur in the nephron to convert filtrate into urine?

A
  • ultrafiltration
  • selective reabsorption
  • secretion
  • excretion
35
Q

What are the five main structures found in a nephron?

A
  • Bowman’scapsule,
  • proximal convoluted tubule,
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubul
  • collecting duct
36
Q

What is the name of the knot of capillaries found within the Bowman’s capsule?

A

glomerulus.

37
Q

In relation to kidney function, what is meant by the term “diuresis”?

A

an increase in the production of urine by the kidney resulting in a large volume of dilute urine.

38
Q

Where is ADH made in the body?

A

the hypothalamus.

39
Q

Where is ADH stored in the body?

A

In the posterior pituitary gland.

40
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in osmoregulation?

A
  • osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are sensitive to changes in the water potential of the blood.
  • nerves from the hypothalamus control the release of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland.
41
Q

ADH exerts its effect by binding to receptors on the surface of which cells?

A

Cells in the walls of the collecting duct.

42
Q

What is the name given to the outer region of the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal cortex.

43
Q

What is the name given to the inner region of the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal medulla.

44
Q

What are the two main hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
45
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body.

46
Q

What are the two main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
47
Q

Which adrenal hormone is released in response to stress and helps regulate metabolism?

A

cortisol.

48
Q

Which two adrenal hormones increase heart rate, increase blood pressure and widen pupils?

A
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
49
Q

Within muscle, thin and thick filaments can be found in…

A

myofibrils.

50
Q

Thin and thick filaments are examples of…

A

protein filaments.

51
Q

Thin filaments are made up of a protein called…

A

actin.

52
Q

How many actin filaments are wrapped around each other in a thin filament?

A

2.

53
Q

Within a thin filament, wrapped around the actin filaments is another protein chain called…

A

tropomyosin.

54
Q

Thick filaments are made up of a protein called…

A

myosin.

55
Q

Myofibrils are made up of what?

A

many repeating sarcomeres.

56
Q

Sarcomeres are…

A
  • vertical sections inside a myofibril.
  • made up of thin and thick filaments.
57
Q

What is the minimum number of thin filaments inside a sarcomere?

A

4.

58
Q

What is the minimum number of thick filaments inside a sarcomere?

A

1.

59
Q

What is the area in the middle of a sarcomere called?

A

the m-line.

60
Q

The area between two M-lines is called a…

A

Z-line.

61
Q

Where is the Z-line positioned?

A

actin filaments/thin filaments

62
Q

How many M-lines make up a sarcomere?

A

1.

63
Q

How many Z-lines make up a sarcomere?

A

2.

64
Q

What are the parts of a sarcomere that are located in an area made up of thin filaments?

A
  • I-band
  • Z-line
  • A-band
65
Q

What are the parts of a sarcomere that are located in an area made up of thick filaments?

A
  • M-line
  • A-band
  • H-zone
66
Q

What is the part of a sarcomere that is located in an area made up of both actin and myosin filaments?

A

A-band.

67
Q

What are the parts of a sarcomere that are located in an area made up of only actin filaments?

A
  • I-band
  • Z-line
68
Q

What is the part of a sarcomere that is located in an area made up of only myosin filaments?

A

H-zone.

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions