Photosynthesis Quizlet 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

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2
Q

C4 Plants

A

A plant that changes CO2 into a four carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis, is related to their unique leaf anatomy( 2 distinct bundle sheath cells and looselty arranges mesophyll cells), CO2 is incorporated into the mesophyll cells and PEP Carboxylase. (Sugarcane, Corn most Grasses)

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3
Q

Consumers

A

an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

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4
Q

Autotrophs

A

organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds, and are thefore called producers.

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5
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products, and are therefore consumers.

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6
Q

Chloroplasts

A

An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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7
Q

Chlorophyll

A

a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates, found mainly in the cells of the mesophyll

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8
Q

Mesophyll

A

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis because it contains most of the chlorophyll.

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9
Q

Stomata

A

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange and some water vapor exchange .

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10
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. (Where Calvin Cycle takes place).

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11
Q

Thylakoids

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy

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12
Q

Thylakoid Space

A

space within each thylakoid which is thought to be connected to the space within every other thylakoid

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13
Q

Grana

A

A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

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14
Q

Guard cells

A

Specialized cells in the epidermis of the leaf that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure.

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15
Q

Lignin

A

A hard material embedded in the cellulose matrix of vascular plant cell walls that functions as an important adaptation for support in terrestrial species.

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16
Q

Van Niel

A

(Last name) Hypothesized that oxygen was released from water, not carbon dioxide, by using the fact that some bacteria use H2S instead of Water for photsynthesis., 20 years after scientists used a oxygen 18 as a radiotracer.

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17
Q

Light Reactions

A

The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.

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18
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Also known as the dark reactions, , The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate by addition of electrons (Occurs in the Stroma)

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19
Q

NADP+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.

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20
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis

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21
Q

Melvin Calvin

A

American scientist who worked out the details of the Calvin cycle

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22
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

The incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism.

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23
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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24
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

arrangement of electromagnetic radiation–including radio waves, visible light from the Sun, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, and microwaves–according to their wavelengths

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25
Q

Visible Light

A

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.

26
Q

Photons

A

a quantum of light; a discrete bundle of electromagnetic energy that interacts with matter similarly to particles

27
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.

28
Q

Absorption Spectrum

A

Graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

29
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

Main photosynthetic pigment in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Works best with violet- blue and red light work best for it. Also is blue green.

30
Q

Engelmann

A

the scientist that took algae, prism, light source, and exposed them to aerobic bacteria (which congregated near purple and red light, indicating that there’s the most oxygen there, and they are therefore the best colors for photosynthesis), and green is the least effective.

31
Q

Carotenoids

A

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis, and function in photoprotection

32
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.

33
Q

C3 Plants

A

More then 95 % of plants on the earth are this. A plant that changes C02 into a three carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate) before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis. (Rice Wheat, Soybeans)

34
Q

Photoprotection

A

A process in which carotenoids absorb and dissipate exessive light energy that would otherwise damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen forming reactive oxidative molecules that are dangerous to the cell;

35
Q

Photosystem

A

in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules that harvest light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis

36
Q

Light Harvesting Complex

A

A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.

37
Q

Photosystem 1

A

(Functions 2nd) Reaction Center is P700(far red), Uses Light to excite electrons and converts NADP to NAPDH, It has light dependent reactions, also spilts water to make Oxygen.

38
Q

Photosystem 2

A

(Functions 1st) Reaction Center is P680(red), a light reaction in which ATP and NADPH are formed

39
Q

Reaction Center

A

Complex of proteins associated with two special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, one of the chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.

40
Q

Primary Electron Acceptor

A

A specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction-center chlorophyll a molecules; it accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls.

41
Q

Noncyclic electron flow

A

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+.

42
Q

P680

A

Chlorophyll a molecules that serve as the reaction center of Photosystem II, transferring photoexcited electrons to a primary acceptor; named by their absorption peak at 680 nm. If missing an electron it is the strongest biological oxidizing agent knwn.

43
Q

Plastocyanin

A

(connects 2 photosystems) small diffusable protein that receives e-‘s from photosystem II and transfers to photosystem I

44
Q

Plastoquinone

A

Transports the protons to the lumen of the thylakoid discs ,while the electrons continue through the chain into the cytochrome bf6 protein complex

45
Q

Cytochrome

A

an iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts

46
Q

Ferrodoxin

A

in photosystem I, the chlorophyll also absorbs light, and the excited electrons are donated to _____, a small, iron/sulfur-containing protein

47
Q

NADP+ reductase

A

enzyme that transfers a proton and two electrons from ferredoxin to NADP+, forming NADPH (2 ELECTRONS are required).

48
Q

Cyclic Electron Flow

A

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen. Makes up the differences in ATP required for the Calvin Cycle., and a rise in NADPH can contribute to a switch to this route.

49
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient(have to be more electronegative as you go down) across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP

50
Q

ATP Synthase

A

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

51
Q

G3P

A

Raw material from which plants and other producers assemble glucose…this molecule is a product of the calvin cycle.

52
Q

Rubisco

A

Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 (carbon fixation) to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate). The product of the reaction is a 6 carbon intermediate( that is so unstable it immediately splits in half) forming 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. Is probably the most abundant protein on earth.

53
Q

1,3 biphosphoglycerate

A

2nd Step of Calvin Cycle a molecule produced by the phosphorylation(taken from ATP) of 3-phosphoglycerate. Thens the electrons from NADPH reduce the carboxyl group of this to make the aldehyde group of G3P.

54
Q

Photorespiration

A

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.

55
Q

CAM Plants

A

A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed. Different from C4 plants in that carbon fixation occur in the same place just at different times. (Pineapples, Cacti, most Succulent plants)

56
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

Cells in the leaves of C4 plants in which the four-carbon acids produced during carbon fixation are broken down to three-carbon acids and CO2.

57
Q

PEP Carboxylase

A

An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis. It is good because it has NO affinity for oxygen (less photorespiration)

58
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

The mesophyll cells of a C4 plant export their 4 carbon compound to the bundle sheath cells through __________

59
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

60
Q

Crassulacean acid Metabolism

A

An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. In this process, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night; during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle.

61
Q

50%

A

The percentage of organic material that is consumed by cellular repiration during photosynthesis