Photosynthesis/ Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Plants use the sun’s energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars (conversion of light energy to chemical energy).
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O –> light energy –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis equation
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs (only plants!!)
Chloroplast
a green material in plants that captures energy from sunlight for photosynthesis–makes plants green
Chlorophyll
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH (used in Calvin Cycle,) oxygen is produced as a byproduct (water molecules are broken down)
happen in the thylakoid membrane
light-dependent reactions
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light energy (light-independent) from ATP and NADPH is used to build compounds such as sugar, takes in CO2, occurs in stroma
Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
the fluid-filled space inside a thylakoid, light-dependent reactions in PS occur in the thylakoid membrane.
thylakoid lumen (phospholipid bilayer)
organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Mitochondria
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen, occurs in mitochondria of animal and plant cells
cellular respiration
final product splitting glucose into pyruvate or pyruvic acid
Makes: 2 ATP → gets used by the cell for energy
2 NADH → electron carrier that gets used during ETC
Anaerobic respiration, occurs in Cytoplasm
Glycolysis
second stage of cellular respiration, in which Pyruvic acid—-> acetyl- coA enters the Krebs cycle is broken down into carbon dioxide as a waste product
Aerobic process, occurs in mitochondrial matrix
Makes: NAD+ becomes NADH→ electron carrier that gets used during ETC
2 ATP→ gets used by the cell for energy
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Aerobic process, occurs inner mitochondrial membrane
NADH & FADH2 donate their electrons to the ETC.
OXYGEN is the final electron acceptor! → combine with hydrogen to produce water.
Hydrogens flow through the ATP synthase and we produce ~34 ATP
Electron Transport Chain / ATP Synthase
Respiration that does not require oxygen, takes place in cytoplasm (glycolysis, fermentation)
anaerobic respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen (Kreb’s Cycle, ETC)
aerobic respiration
The breakdown of sugars without the use of oxygen, regenerate (NADH broken down into NAD+) NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
occurs in cytoplasm
fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.
lactic acid
A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce (does NOT release CO2)
lactic acid fermentation
occurs in yeast
Produces CO2 (waste product), ethanol, and NAD+
ethanol fermentation
the three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic (fermentation or CR) pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis
Pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.
Cellular respiration equation
