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Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What type of process is photosynthesis?

A 
Physiochemical process 
Uphill process
Redox reaction 
Endogonic 
Primary source of food is photosynthesis
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2
Q

What did variegated leaf exp prove?

A

starch is needed for photosynthesis

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3
Q

black paper experiment

A

light and chlorophyll are essential for photosynthesis

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4
Q

Moll’s half leaf experiment

A

CO2 is essential for photosynthesis

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5
Q

Father of plant physiology

A

stephan hales

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6
Q

Which was priestly’s experiment?

A

Mice and candle

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7
Q

Who modified Priestly’s experiment and proved what?

A

Jan Ingenhousz used a similar setup used by Priestly but by placing once in dark and once in light.

Proof: only green parts of the plant release oxygen in the presence of sunlight

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8
Q

Von sach

A

Glucose- reactive and water soluble (Formation)

Sucrose- non reactive and water soluble (Transport)

Starch- non reactive and insoluble (Storage)

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9
Q

Why is glucose reactive?

A

Due to presence of free aldehydic group

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10
Q

Engelmann

A

First action spectrum of photosynthesis using prism and cladophora algae

max photosynthesis in red and blue
min photosynthesis in green

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11
Q

How are leaf pigments separated?

A

Leaf Pigments are separated by paper chromatography

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12
Q

Colour of the lead pigments

A
  1. Chl a - Bright green or bright blue green
  2. Chl b- Yellow green
  3. Xanthophyll- Yellow
  4. Carotenoid- Yellow orange
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13
Q

The green colour pigment in green bacteria-

A

Bacterioviridin or Chlorobium chlorophyll

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14
Q

Purple colour pigment in purple bacteria

A

Bacteriochlorophyll or Bacteriopurpurin

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15
Q

Is chlorophyll soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents

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16
Q

Where does the chlorophyll occur in plants?

A

In the chloroplasts

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17
Q

Chlorophyll a

A
  1. C55H72O5N4Mg
  2. Universal photosynthetic pigment
  3. Primary photosynthetic pigment
  4. Most abundant photosynthetic pigment
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18
Q

Who is the precursor of Protochlorophyll?

A

Glycine + Succinyl CoA

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19
Q

Precursor of chlorophyll

A

Protochlorophyll (inactive form)

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20
Q

How is precursor of protochlorophyll activated?

A

Protochlorophyll is activates by light and 2H

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21
Q

Three minerals essential for chlorophyll synthesis

A

Mg
Fe
N

(Mg and N are structural constituents)

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22
Q

Structure of Chl a

A
  1. Tadpole like structure
  2. It consist of a Pophyrin head and a phytol tail
  3. Head: Hydrophilic, acidic, tetrapyrol structure, Mg is held by 2 covalent and 2 coordinate bonds
  4. Tail: Hydrophobic, alcoholic, embedded in lipid bilayer of thylakoid membrane
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23
Q

Chl b

A

Similar structure to Chl-a but -CHO is present in place of -CH3 in 3rd position of II pyrole ring

C55H70O6N4Mg

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24
Q

Chlorophyll c

A

Lacks a phytol tail

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25
Q

Where are carotenoid present

A

carotenoids are present in the chromoplast and occur along with chlorophyll inside chloroplast

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26
Q

Are carotenoids soluble or insoluble?

A

Carotenoids are insoluble in water

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27
Q

Chemical nature of caratenoids

A

Terpenes and considered most stable pigments(because they are HC with conjugate double bonds). Light is not necessary for their synthesis.

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28
Q

Two types of caratenoids

A

Carotenes and Xanthophyll

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29
Q

Carotenes.

A
  1. Emp formula is C40H56
  2. alpha beta gamma carotenes
  3. Beta carotene is the most common in plants and responsible for color of carrots
  4. Red colour of chilli and tomato is due to Lycopene
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30
Q

Xanthophyll

A
  1. Yellow in color containing derivatives of carotene
  2. Lutein: C40H56O2
  3. Lutein cause autumn colouration of leaf
  4. Fucoxanthin (Brown Algae)
  5. Diatoxanthin (Dinoflagellates)
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31
Q

Function of Caratenoids

A
  1. They protect the chlorophyll from photooxidation by absorbing excess light radiation.
  2. Known as SHIELD PIGMENTS as it prevents harmful effect of nascent oxygen by converting it into molecular oxygen.
  3. Accessory pigments and make photosynthesis more efficient by absorbing different wavelengths of light.
  4. Beta carotene acts as a precursor of Vitamin A.
  5. They help in Entomophilly and Zoophilly
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32
Q

Are phycobillin soluble or insoluble?

A

Phycobillins are soluble in hot water

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33
Q

Structure of phycobillin

A

Open tetrapyrole structure because Mg is absent and phytol tail is also absent

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34
Q

where are phycobillin found

A

Found in vacuoles of plant cells

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35
Q

Types of phycobillin

A

Phycocyanin (blue)
Phycoerythrin (red)
Allophycocyanin (light blue)

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36
Q

Maximum absorption by Chl a

A

Blue light

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37
Q

Maximum absorption of blue light

A

Chlorophyll b

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38
Q

Maximum absorption of red light

A

Chlorophyll A

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39
Q

Maximum photosynthesis takes place in

A

Blue light

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40
Q

Max efficiency of photosynthesis

A

Red light

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41
Q

Determine the wavelength which chlorophyll a shows the maximum absorption

A

Wavelength= 450nm= Blue

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42
Q

What kind of PS occurs in the granal thylakoids?

A

Cyclic and non cyclic (PS I and PS II)

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43
Q

What kind of cycle takes place in strongly thylakoids?

A

Cyclic (PS I)

44
Q

Non cyclic photophosphorylation is absent in stromal thylakoids because-

A
  1. PS II is absent

2. Absence of NADP dedicated enzyme

45
Q

OEC

A
  • Oxygen reducing complex
  • only in PS II
  • Mn+2, Ca+2 and Cl- associated with OEC (reqd for photolysis of water)
  • location in inner membrane’s inner part
46
Q

First electron acceptor of non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

Phaeophytin

• chlorophyll a - Mg + H20

47
Q

In photolysis of one water molecule how many oxygen molecule or atom is released?

A

1/2 oxygen

48
Q

How many electron in the ETS is released by photolysis of water

A

2e

49
Q

How many H accumulated in the linen of granal thylakoid

A

4H
• 2H by water splitting
• 2H by proton pump

50
Q

How many NADPH + H+ is synthesised by photolysis of water molecule

A

1 NADPH2

51
Q

How many quanta of light reqd to spilt one molecule of water?

A

4 quanta of light is required

52
Q

How many H+ to synthesise one ATP?

A

3H+ ——> 1 ATP

53
Q

Proton novice force

A

This force pushes proton outside via proton channel

  1. Proton gradient
  2. Electron potential
  3. pH gradient
54
Q

Condition for non cyclic photophosphorylation

A
  1. High availability of NADP

2. High light intensity or low wavelength radiation

55
Q

Condition for cyclic photophosphorylation

A
  1. Low availability of NADP

2. Low light intensity (>680) or high wavelength radiation

56
Q

What is redox potential?

A

Redox potential is Electron withdrawing power

57
Q

other names of dark reaction

A

Biosynthetic phase
Blackman’s reaction
CO2 reduction

58
Q

where does the dark reaction take place?

A

dark reaction takes place in the storms

59
Q

Why is RuBisco active specifically during the day?

A

Because it needs Light and Mg

60
Q

Most abundant enzyme or protein present in nature?

A

RuBisCo

61
Q

How much % of protein present in nature is RuBisCo?

A

70%

62
Q

How much % of protein present in nature is chloroplast?

A

16%

63
Q

On what was the Calvin cycle studied?

A

Chlorella (green algae) by using radioisotrophy C-14

64
Q

Which step is the most crucial step in the Calvin Cycle or C3 cycle?

A

Carboxylation step

65
Q

How many ATP is used in the Calvin cycle?

A

3ATP

i) 2ATP in reduction step
ii) 1ATP in regeneration

66
Q

How many NADPH+H+ is required in the calvin cycle?

A

2NADPH2 required

i) 2 in reduction
ii) 0 in regeneration

67
Q

How many ATP and NAPH2 is required in carboxylation step?

A

No ATP and NADPH2 is required in carboxylation step

68
Q

What is the equivalent of NADPH2 and ATP

A

1NADPH2= 3ATP

69
Q

Ratio of rate of photosynthesis and rate of respiration during the daytime

A

10:1

70
Q

favourable condition for photosynthesis

A
  1. High light intensity

2. High temperature

71
Q

Why is photorespiration a wasteful process?

A

25% of CO2 lost

No synthesis of ATP or NADPH2 or glucose hence it is a wasteful process

72
Q

Primary CO2 acceptor in C4 cycle

A

PEP which is fixated by the enzyme PEPcase and converts it to OAA

73
Q

How is PEP regenerated?

A

Pyruvic acid(3C) — [ATP->AMP//PPDK] ——> PEP

• 2ATP used

74
Q

PPDK

A

Pyruvate Phosphate Dikinase is a sensitive enzyme and DOES NOT work in LOW TEMP

75
Q

Total ATP required in the C4cycle

A

5ATP
• 3ATP in Calvin cycle
• 2ATP in regeneration of PEP from pyruvic acid

76
Q

Total NADPH2 required in the C4 cycle

A

2NAPDH2 (in calvin cycle)

77
Q

Number of ATP required for synthesis of glucose in C4 cycle

A

30ATP

  • 18ATP in C3
  • 12ATP in regeneration of PEP
78
Q

How many ATP equivalent are consumed in Calvin cycle for synthesis of 1mole of glucose?

A

54ATP

  • 18ATP
  • 2NADPH2 = 36ATP
79
Q

Special adaptations of C4 plants

A
  1. Adapted to high light intensity due to negligible photorespiration
  2. Adapted to high temp because PPDK works best in high temp
  3. Adapted to water stress due to partial closure of stomata hence reducing water loss. PEPcase performs best photosynthesis even in low concentration of CO2
  4. C4 pants fixes double CO2 with half amount of water loss as compared to C3 plants
80
Q

Name some plants with follows C3 pathway

A

Rice and Wheat

81
Q

Name some plants which follow C4 pathway

A

1500species
19families

= 900 monocots
• maize
• sugarcane
• sorghum

82
Q

who follows CAM pathway?

A

Crussulacean family —> Succulent xerophytes —> scotoactive stomata (open at night only)

83
Q

Number of ATP required for fixation of 1CO2 molecule in CAM plants

A

5ATP
•3 in C3
•2 in regeneration of PEP

84
Q

number of NADPH2 required in CAM plants

A

2 in the calvin cycle

85
Q

ATP and NADPH2 requirement to synthesise glucose in CAM plants

A

30ATP
• 18 in C3, 12 in regeneration of pep

2NADPH2

86
Q

Low light intensity (C3 or C4?)

A

C3

87
Q

High light intensity (C3 or C4?)

A

C4

88
Q

low temperature (C3 or C4?)

A

C3

89
Q

High temperature (C3 or C4?)

A

C4

90
Q

Water stress (C3 or C4?)

A

C4

91
Q

Low CO2 / high O2

C3 or C4?

A

C4

92
Q

High CO2 / low O2

C3 or C4?

A

C3

93
Q

In non cyclic photophosphorylation initial capturing of electron is by?

A

PS-II

94
Q

in non cyclic photophosphorylation capturing of proton by?

A

NADP+

95
Q

in non cyclic photophosphorylation ultimate donor of electron

A

H2O

96
Q

plants capture which wavelengths of light

A

4000 to 7000A

97
Q

light compensation point

A

intensity of light at which
rate of photosynthesis(food production)= rate of respiration(food consumption)

NPP is zero at this point and no gaseous exchange between plant and atmosphere

98
Q

major limiting factor for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide

99
Q

Saturation point of C4 and C3 plant respectively

A

C4 - 360 ppm
C3 - 450 ppm

therefore CO2 is limiting factor for C3

100
Q

CO2 compensation point for C4 and C3 respectively

A

C4: 0-10 ppm
C3: 25-100 ppm

101
Q

Optimum temperature for C4 and C3

A

C4 30-40C

C3 20-25C

102
Q

Tropical plants have higher temperature optimum than temperate climate plants

A

..

103
Q

Oxidation of ____ leads to the formation of ABA

A

Carotene

104
Q

Example of increase in productivity due to CO2. fertilisation

A

Tomato and Spinach

105
Q

DCMU and PAN are used as weedicide or herbicides. What do they block? (non cyclic inhibitor)

A

DCMU blocks the flow of electron from P680 to plastoquinone

106
Q

Name a cyclic inhibitor

A

Diquat, Paraquat viologen dyes block electron flow from P700 to Fd

Plants (4 decks)

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