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biology module 5 > photosynthesis > Flashcards

photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

describe how the structure of the granum is adapted to its function

A

1 contain , (named) pigment (molecules) /
photosystems ;
2 contain ,
(named) electron carriers / ETC / ATP synth(et)ase ;
3 idea that has a large surface area (in a small volume)
for , light absorption /
light dependent reaction(s) /
light dependent stage /
electron transport ;

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2
Q

with reference to the biochemistry of photosynthesis, explain why the theoretical rate of photosynthesis is not achieved at higher light intensities

A

1 at high light intensity
other (named) factor becomes a limiting factor ;
2 idea that temperature becomes limiting as ,
Calvin cycle / light independent reaction ,
involves enzymes /
relies on kinetic energy of molecules ;
3 idea that CO2 (concentration) becomes limiting as it is
required for ,
Calvin cycle / light independent reaction /
formation of (named) Calvin cycle compound /
reaction with RuBP / fixation by Rubisco ;

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3
Q

suggest one way in which the structure of a leaf from a plant adated to shade differs from a plant adapted to light

A

shade leaf will have
1 large(r) / more , chloroplast(s) / (palisade) mesophyll ;
2 more , grana / thylakoids (in chloroplast) ;
3 large(r) surface area (of leaves) ;

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4
Q

outline the ways in which heterotrophic organisms are dependent on plants

A 
1 animals / heterotrophs (need to) ,
eat / obtain organic material from / AW ,
plants / autotrophs ;
2 (plants / autotrophs) produce
(named) organic molecules during ,
photosynthesis / Calvin cycle /
light independent stage ;
3 (plants / autotrophs) produce oxygen during ,
photosynthesis / photolysis /
light dependent stage;
4 glucose / carbohydrate / oxygen ,
(produced in photosynthesis)
are used in respiration by ,
animals / heterotrophs ;
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5
Q

name a primary photosynthetic pigment

A

chlorophyll , a / A ;

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6
Q

name an accessory pigment

A

chlorophyll b / xanthophyll(s) / carotenoid(s)

/ ( / beta-) carotene ;

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7
Q

state the advantage of a plant containing a range of accessory pigments in photosystems

A

able to , absorb / use ,
a range of / different / more / other ,
(light) wavelengths / ;

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8
Q

Name the compound that is synthesised in the light-dependent stage as a result of the generation of an electrical and pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

A

ATP

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9
Q

Identify the enzyme that catalyses the fixation of carbon dioxide.

A

rubisco / RuBP carboxylase /

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

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10
Q

Identify the first stable product of carbon dioxide fixation.

A

GP / glycerate(3-)phosphate ;

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11
Q

Identify the compound that is regenerated in the Calvin cycle so that more carbon dioxide can be fixed.

A

RuBP / ribulose bisphosphate ;

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12
Q

Name two different polysaccharides that can be synthesised from the end products of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

A

starch / amylose / amylopectin
and
cellulose ;

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13
Q

a product of the light-dependent reaction that is not used in the light-independent reaction.

A

oxygen

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14
Q

a 5-carbon compound.

A

ribulose bisphosphate / RuBP ;

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15
Q

a compound that can be made from TP but is not part of the Calvin cycle.

A

amino acid

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16
Q

a 3-carbon compound.

A

glycerate-3-phosphate / GP / triose phosphate / TP ;

17
Q

a product of the light-dependent reaction that is used in the light-independent reaction.

A

ATP / reduced NADP ;

18
Q

the enzyme.

A

rubisco

19
Q

Suggest what this raw material might be used for in the chloroplast.

A

for membrane formation
or
phospholipid / cholesterol / glycolipid , for membrane ;
fatty acid / (named) pigment , synthesis

20
Q

describe how light is harvested in the chloroplast membranes.

A

1 (primary & accessory) pigments , are in / form a(n) ,
photosystem / complex / antenna complex ;
2 photon / light energy , absorbed by
pigment (molecule(s)) ;
3 electron , excited / moves to higher energy level /
delocalised , and returned to pigment ;
4 (energy / photon) passed from one pigment
to another ;
5 (energy / photon) passed to ,
reaction centre / chlorophyll a / P680 / P700 /
PSI / PSII / primary pigment ;
6 range of / accessory , pigments allow
range of wavelengths to be absorbed ;
QWC
pigment antenna complex
photon reaction centre
chlorophyll , a / A primary
accessory wavelength(s)

21
Q

Triazine herbicide acts on the weeds by binding to a specific protein associated with photosystem II, blocking the movement of electrons between electron carriers.
Explain the effect that the herbicide binding to this protein will have on photosynthesis.

A

1 prevents non-cyclic photophosphorylation ;
2 no electron(s) available to form reduced NADP ;
3 idea that ATP production by cyclic
photophosphorylation is not prevented ;
4 no / less , ATP and no reduced NADP available for ,
Calvin cycle / light independent reaction /
conversion of GP to TP ;

22
Q

Plants treated with triazine herbicide can, when illuminated under experimental conditions, be seen to fluoresce (emit light) and give off small quantities of heat.
Suggest how this experimental finding could be explained.

A

idea that energy given off from ,
high energy / excited , electron
(emitted by , chlorophyll / reaction centre) ;

23
Q

Discuss why measuring carbon dioxide uptake may or may not give a better indication of photosynthetic activity than measuring oxygen production.

A 
1
2
3
4
5
oxygen
oxygen only produced in one (named) stage of
 photosynthesis ;
oxygen produced might be used for respiration ;
carbon dioxide
CO2 only used in one (named) stage of photosynthesis ;
CO2 produced during respiration might be used for ,
photosynthesis /
 light independent reaction /
 Calvin cycle ;
O2 / CO2 / both , could be an underestimate
or
represents net production (O2)
or
represents net use (CO2) ;
24
Q

Name the process that produces carbon dioxide in the plant.

A

(aerobic / anaerobic) respiration ;

25
Q

Name the products of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

A

reduced NADP / NADPH / NADPH2 / NADPH+ ;
ATP ;
oxygen ;

26
Q

Paraquat is a weedkiller. It binds with electrons in photosystem I.
Suggest how paraquat results in the death of a plant.

A 
1 prevents photophosphorylation ;
2 cyclic and non-cyclic ;
3 no / less , ATP / reduced NADP , for ,
light-independent stage / Calvin cycle /
 GP to TP ;
4 no (named) substrate made for respiration
27
Q

Suggest the role of DNA and ribosomes in this organelle.

A

1 (DNA) coding for , gene(s) / protein / enzyme
or
(ribosome) protein / enzyme , synthesis ;
2 (enzymes for production of / proteins for)
chlorophyll synthesis / pigment synthesis /
photosystem ;
3 (protein for) electron , acceptor(s) / carrier(s) ;
4 ATP synth(et)ase ;
5 (enzyme / PSII) for , photolysis / splitting of water ;
6 (enzymes for)
Calvin cycle / light independent reaction ;

28
Q

The length of the gas bubble was measured (in mm).State what additional information would be required to calculate the volume of gas produced.

A

1 (internal) radius / diameter , of capillary tube ;
2 cross-sectional area (of capillary tube) ;
3 (use) π r2 h ;

29
Q

Suggest how the student supplied the aquatic plant with a source of carbon dioxide.

A

1 (sodium) hydrogen carbonate ;
2 bubble in , CO2 / exhaled air ;
3 dry ice ;

30
Q

Suggest why not all of the oxygen produced by the plant is collected.

A

idea that some of the oxygen
1 would dissolve in the water ;
2 used in , respiration / oxidative phosphorylation ;
3 may escape the collection apparatus ;
4 trapped in , a bubble attached to / air spaces in ,
the leaf ;

31
Q

Suggest a reason for the presence of nitrogen in the gas collected.

A

1 (nitrogen) was present in the air (spaces) in the ,
leaf / plant ;
2 (nitrogen) leaves the plant with the oxygen ;
3 idea that (nitrogen) comes out of solution /
‘undissolved’ (as less soluble in warm water) ;

32
Q

Suggest why the presence of these pigments is an advantage to seaweeds that live in deeper water.

A

intensity
1 in deeper water there is , less / lower , light intensity ;
2 (these pigments) can absorb what (little) light there is ;
wavelength
3 not all wavelengths of light can penetrate
or
mainly shorter wavelengths can penetrate
or
(mostly) blue light (450 – 520 nm) penetrates ;
4 (these pigments) can absorb
wavelengths of light that can penetrate
(deeper water) ;

33
Q

Suggest and explain one benefit of the greater mean number of stomata per mm2 on the lower surfaces of the sun leaves.

A 
benefit
allows entry of more CO2 ;
explanation
(CO2) for , light-independent reaction / Calvin cycle
or
light-dependent reaction is taking place quickly /
 reduced NADP building up / ATP building up
or
CO2 not as limiting (than when there are fewer stomata)
or
idea that increases access to air spaces
 for distribution of CO2 ;
OR
benefit
reduces transpiration ;
explanation
idea of stomata sheltered from , air currents / heat
 (when on lower surface)
or
idea that diffusion shells maintained ;
34
Q

Name the products of the light dependent stage that are used in the Calvin cycle.

A

ATP ;
reduced NADP / NADPH / NADP
H2 / NADPH + H+ ;

35
Q

Discuss the fate of triose phosphate (TP) in the Calvin cycle.

A

regenerates / produces , ribulose bisphosphate / RuBP ;
so cycle can continue / for (further) CO2 fixation /
to combine with CO2 ;
formation of (named) , sugar / glucose / hexose / sucrose /
starch / cellulose ;
formation of (named) ,
fat / triglyceride / lipid / fatty acids / glycerol /
amino acids / protein /
nucleic acids / nucleotides ;
10x TP for RuBP and 2x TP for production
or
most TP used to produce RuBP and the rest for production ;

36
Q

Name the pigment at the reaction centre of photosystems I and II.

A

chlorophyll a

37
Q

How can factors other than light conditions be controlled to increase the rate of photosynthesis and maximise production?In your answer you should explain why the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the controlled factors you have discussed.

A

photosynthesis / named stage,
is controlled by / needs / involves / uses ,
(named photosynthetic) enzymes ;
temperature can be,
increased by heater /
reduced by ventilation (or fan)
maintained by air conditioning (or other method) ;
increase CO2 concentration (in environment) by burning,
fuel / gas / paraffin ;
idea that increased / more / higher, CO2 (conc),
so CO2 no longer a limiting factor /
increases CO2 fixation / (or described)
increases Calvin cycle (or described) ;
idea that easier to control,
water supply / irrigation (to prevent wilting) / humidity /
minerals / fertiliser ;
idea that easier to control use of,
pesticides / pest control / biological control ;

biology module 5 (10 decks)

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