hormones Flashcards
the events of insulin secretion
1 glucose , respired / phosphorylated / metabolised , to produce ATP ; 2 ATP , blocks / closes , potassium ion channel(s) and potassium ions / K+ , build up (inside cell) / cannot leave ; 3 (voltage-gated) calcium ion / Ca2+ , channels open and calcium ions / Ca2+ , enter (cell by diffusion) ; 4 (more) calcium ions / Ca2+ , resulting in , movement of vesicles to membrane / exocytosis / described ;
suggest and explain why the cell continues to secrete insulin after no further glucose intake
1 (continues to be secreted) as long as blood / plasma , glucose (concentration) , remains high / is higher than normal ; 2 (sufficient) ATP is still present and so K+ channels remain closed ; 3 (exocytosis) still being triggered by , calcium ions / Ca2+;
Under what circumstances might this patient need to be given a glucagon injection?
1 if blood glucose falls ,
extremely / dangerously / too / very , low
;
2 if patient , cannot produce (enough) glucagon /
produces little glucagon ;
3 idea that glucose source cannot be taken by mouth ;
Suggest an explanation for the patient’s high value for the fasting blood glucose test.
patient might have had a drink containing sugar
Describe how glucagon is involved in the regulation of blood glucose concentration in a person who is able to regulate their blood glucose concentration correctly.
when blood glucose concentration decreases
1 (glucagon) released by the , alpha / , cells in ,
islets of Langerhans / pancreas ;
2 promotes / AW ,
conversion of glycogen to glucose /
glycogenolysis ,
in , liver / muscle / effector , cells ;
3 ref gluconeogenesis / described ;
4 ref conversion of triglycerides to (free) fatty acids /
lipolysis /
increased use of fatty acids in respiration ;
5 negative feedback ,
reduces / inhibits , the secretion of glucagon ;
6 glucagon , reduces / inhibits , insulin secretion
QWC
alpha, islet,
pancreas , glycogen,
glycogenolysis, effector,
gluconeogenesis, negative feedback
Urine can be tested to detect a person’s misuse of certain drugs in body-building.State the type of drug that can be misused in this way.
anabolic steroids
Name one hormone which will increase the heart rate.
adrenaline / epinephrine / noradrenaline / norepinephrine ;
Name the endocrine tissue in the pancreas that is responsible for secretion of hormones.
islet(s) of Langerhans ;
State where in a pancreatic cell insulin molecules are synthesised.
ribosome / rough endoplasmic reticulum / RER ;
Outline the events that occur after the synthesis of an insulin molecule until it is ready to be secreted from the pancreatic cell.
1 transported to Golgi ; 2 modified / processed , in Golgi ; 3 packaged into / stored in , (Golgi) vesicle(s) ; 4 vesicles transported towards , plasma / cell surface , membrane ;
Describe how negative feedback is used to control blood glucose concentration.
1 cells /
cells / receptors , detect ,
change / increased / decreased ,
in blood glucose (concentration) ;
2 if high(er) glucose (concentration) ,
beta / , cells (in pancreas) release insulin ;
3 (increased) uptake / absorption , of glucose by ,
liver / muscle / effector , cells ;
4 enters through glucose transport proteins
(in cell surface membrane) ;
5 glucose converted to glycogen / glycogenesis ;
6 increased (use of glucose in) , respiration / ATP production ;
7 if low(er) glucose (concentration) ,
alpha / , (in pancreas) cells release glucagon ;
8 (increased) conversion of glycogen to glucose / glycogenolysis ;
9 (increased) conversion of other compounds
(amino acids / lipids) to glucose / gluconeogenesis ;
10 glucose leaves cells ,
by facilitated diffusion / through glucose channels ;
QWC
receptor, beta, insulin,
effector, glycogen, glycogenesis,
alpha, glucagon, glycogenolysis,
gluconeogenesis, facilitated diffusion
Suggest why fatigue may occur in a person with Type 2 diabetes who is not taking medication.
1 not enough / less , glucose uptake into cells ;
2 not enough / less , glucose / substrate , for ,
respiration / ATP production ;
3 glucose not , stored as / converted to , glycogen ;
Describe the different ways in which the pancreas acts as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
endocrine
H1 hormone(s) released directly into blood ;
H2 beta / β , cells , secrete / produce / release , insulin ;
H3 alpha / α , cells , secrete / produce / release , glucagon ;
H4 islet / and , cells , detect / monitor ,
blood glucose concentration ;
3 max
exocrine
E1 fluid / juice / secretion / enzymes , released into duct ;
E2 (release triggered by) nervous / hormonal , stimulation ;
E3 pancreatic secretions into ,
gut / small intestine / duodenum ;
E4 alkaline / pH 8 / (sodium) hydrogen carbonate ;
E5 containing 2 named enzyme(s) ;
QWC
hormone(s), beta, alpha,
glucagon, islet(s), pancreatic,
duodenum, enzyme(s), amylase,
trypsin(ogen) / chymotrypsin(ogen)
State two advantages of treating Type 1 diabetes by using insulin that has been produced by genetically modified bacteria rather than insulin that has been extracted from pigs.
1 idea of plentiful / dependable , supply ;
2 cheap ;
3 not cruel to pigs / more ethical ;
4 no religious objections / can be used by vegetarians ;
5 reliable , quality / standard ;
6 (exact match to) human insulin / no allergic reaction ;
State an advantage of this form of treatment compared to treatment using insulin.
1 (has the potential to) cure / do more than manage ,
the condition ;
2 long term effect / permanent /
no need for repeated treatments ;
