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Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?

A

Through the stoma

Stomata are small openings on the leaf surface that allow gas exchange.

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2
Q

What are the main components of the internal leaf structure?

A
  • Cuticle
  • Upper epidermis
  • Stoma
  • Mesophyll cells
  • Lower epidermis
  • Chloroplasts
  • Bundle sheath
  • Vascular bundle (vein)

Each component plays a vital role in the leaf’s function and structure.

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3
Q

What is the fluid inside the chloroplast called?

A

Stroma

The stroma is the site of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.

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4
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Membrane-bound structures within chloroplasts

Thylakoids contain chlorophyll and are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The mesophyll cell containing chloroplasts is crucial for _______.

A

Photosynthesis

Mesophyll cells are where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf.

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6
Q

True or False: The chloroplast has a double membrane structure.

A

True

The double membrane consists of an outer and an inner membrane.

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7
Q

What is the role of the bundle sheath in the leaf?

A

Surrounds vascular bundles

The bundle sheath cells help in the transport of water and nutrients.

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8
Q

What is the significance of the thylakoids during photosynthesis ? and why is it important that they are interconnected?

A

They facilitate the transfer of energy and electrons during photosynthesis

This interconnected network enhances the efficiency of photosynthesis.

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9
Q

What is the structure that contains a double membrane?

A

Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells.

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10
Q

What is the fluid inside a chloroplast called?

A

Stroma

The stroma contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes.

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11
Q

What are the flattened membrane sacs (pancakes) inside chloroplasts called?

A

Thylakoids

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana.

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12
Q

What are stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts referred to as?

A

Grana

Grana increase the surface area for light absorption.

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13
Q

Where is chlorophyll embedded in chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoid membrane

Chlorophyll is crucial for capturing light energy.

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14
Q

How many grana does a typical chloroplast contain?

A

60 grana

Each grana can consist of multiple thylakoids.

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15
Q

How many thylakoids are typically found in one granum?

A

50 thylakoids

This arrangement aids in maximizing light capture.

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16
Q

What is the fluid inside each thylakoid called?

A

Thylakoid lumen

The lumen is where the light-dependent reactions occur.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The chloroplast has an _______ and an inner membrane.

A

outer membrane

The double membrane structure is essential for chloroplast function.

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18
Q

True or False: Chloroplasts are only found in animal cells.

A

False

Chloroplasts are primarily found in plant cells and some algae.

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19
Q

What analogy is used to describe thylakoids?

A

Pigment Pancakes

This description emphasizes their flat, stacked structure.

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20
Q

What are the three main energy-containing molecules formed during photosynthesis?

A

ATP, NADPH, Glucose

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells. NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) acts as an electron carrier/donor. Glucose (C6H12O6) serves as a transport molecule and energy storage.

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21
Q

What does NADPH stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADPH is crucial in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis as it carries electrons.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: NADP+ + H+ + 2e- forms _______.

A

NADPH

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23
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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24
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light Reaction, Calvin Cycle

The Light Reaction is light-dependent, while the Calvin Cycle is light-independent.

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25
True or False: The light reactions of photosynthesis convert sunlight into ATP and NADPH.
True
26
What is the role of sunlight in photosynthesis?
It drives the light-dependent reactions ## Footnote Sunlight is essential for converting photons into energy-rich molecules.
27
What is the main function of the Calvin Cycle?
To synthesizer(make) glucose ## Footnote The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions to convert CO2 into glucose.
28
Fill in the blank: The light-dependent reactions produce _______ and _______.
ATP, NADPH
29
What does the Calvin Cycle require as inputs?
CO2, ATP, NADPH ## Footnote These inputs are essential for the synthesis of glucose during the light-independent reactions.
30
What is the primary function of transport molecules like blood sugar?
Energy storage and transport ## Footnote Transport molecules are essential for moving energy and nutrients throughout an organism.
31
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light Reaction and Calvin Cycle ## Footnote The light reaction is light-dependent, while the Calvin Cycle is light-independent.
32
What is required for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Sunlight and H2O ## Footnote These reactions convert light energy into chemical energy.
33
What are the main products of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH ## Footnote These energy carriers are used in the Calvin Cycle to synthesize glucose.
34
What is the function of NADP+ in photosynthesis?
Electron carrier ## Footnote NADP+ is reduced to NADPH during the light reactions.
35
In which part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoid membrane ## Footnote This is where light energy is converted into chemical energy.
36
What does the Calvin Cycle utilize to produce glucose?
ATP and NADPH ## Footnote These are generated during the light-dependent reactions.
37
Fill in the blank: The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis transform light _______ into ATP.
[photons] ## Footnote Photons are the light particles that initiate the process.
38
True or False: The Calvin Cycle requires light to occur.
False ## Footnote The Calvin Cycle is a light-independent reaction.
39
What is the role of CO2 in photosynthesis?
Source of carbon for glucose production ## Footnote CO2 is fixed during the Calvin Cycle to form glucose.
40
What are the inputs for the Calvin Cycle?
ATP, NADPH, and CO2 ## Footnote These inputs are crucial for synthesizing glucose.
41
What are the two main sets of reactions in photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions ## Footnote Light-dependent reactions require light, while light-independent reactions do not.
42
Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoid membrane ## Footnote The thylakoid membrane is part of the chloroplasts.
43
What is the first stage of light-dependent reactions?
Capturing solar energy and transferring it to electrons in photo system 2 ## Footnote This stage initiates the process of converting light into chemical energy.
44
What is produced in the second stage of light-dependent reactions?
ATP ## Footnote ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as an energy carrier.
45
What is the third stage of light-dependent reactions focused on?
Transferring electrons to make NADPH ## Footnote NADPH is used as a reducing agent in the Calvin cycle.
46
Where do light-independent reactions occur?
Stroma ## Footnote The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids in chloroplasts.
47
What is the main purpose of light-independent reactions?
Form glucose using CO2 ## Footnote This process uses energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADPH.
48
Fill in the blank: The Calvin cycle is also known as the _______.
light-independent reactions ## Footnote The Calvin cycle refers to the series of reactions that use CO2 to produce glucose.
49
What are the main products of light-dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH ## Footnote These products are essential for the light-independent reactions.
50
What is the role of RuBP in photosynthesis?
It is a substrate for the Calvin cycle and breaking 6C molecule into 2PGAL ## Footnote RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is crucial for fixing CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle.
51
True or False: Light-dependent reactions occur in the stroma.
False ## Footnote Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane.
52
What are the two photosystems involved in light-dependent reactions?
Photosystem II and Photosystem I ## Footnote These photosystems are involved in the electron transport chain.
53
What is the role of chlorophyll in Photosystem II?
Chlorophyll in thylakoid membrane absorbs a photon ('packet' of light energy) ## Footnote This absorption initiates the process of photosynthesis.
54
What happens to an electron (e-) from chlorophyll in Photosystem II?
The electron becomes excited and is used to split a water molecule (photolysis) in the thylakoid lumen ## Footnote This process releases oxygen as a byproduct.
55
What process is described by the splitting of a water molecule in Photosystem II?
Photolysis ## Footnote Photolysis is crucial for replenishing electrons lost by chlorophyll.
56
Where is the capturing solar energy in photosynthesis occur first?
Stage 1 - Capturing Solar Energy in photo system 2 ## Footnote This stage involves the absorption of light and the excitation of electrons.
57
What is produced from the energy captured during the first stage of photosynthesis?
ATP ## Footnote ATP is used as an energy source for various biological processes.
58
What is the function of the reaction center in Photosystem II?
The reaction center contains chlorophyll and acts as an electron acceptor ## Footnote It is where the excited electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain.
59
True or False: The waste produced from photolysis in Photosystem II is carbon dioxide.
False ## Footnote The waste produced is oxygen, not carbon dioxide.
60
What colour of light is the most ….
Red and blue
61
which light spectrum are best absorbed by the pigment chlorophyl during Photosynth
Red and blue
62
The oxygen present in the water molecule in a light dependent stage of photosynthesis is
Released as oxygen gas
63
What are the products of the dark reactions?
NADP plus ADP and P glucose
64
The reactions in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis occur in where
Thylakoid membrane
65
describe photolysis
The splitting of water in the light reactions to replace the lost electrons in photosystem two
66
light independence stage occurs in_______ Well, the light dependent reaction ______
Stroma Thlykoid membrane
67
The lost electrons of photosystem two are replaced by_______
Photolysis the splitting of water

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