Circulatory Flashcards
Q: What are the 3 main components of blood?
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Q: What is hemoglobin?
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Q: What happens during a blood transfusion if blood types are incompatible?
A: Agglutination occurs — red blood cells clump and can block vessels
Q: What is the role of killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells)?
A: Destroy infected cells
What is the role of helper T cells?
Activate B cells and other immune cells
Q: What is the function of lymph nodes?
A: Filter lymph and trap pathogens
What is the function of lymph capillaries?
Absorb fluid from tissues
What does the spleen do?
A: Filters blood, removes old RBCs, stores WBCs
Q: What happens in agglutination?
Red blood cells clump together when incompatible blood types mix.
What are antibodies?
A:
Proteins in plasma that attack specific antigens.
What are antigens?
Proteins on red blood cells that trigger immune responses.
What are platelets?
Cell fragments that help in blood clotting
Q: How do blood clots form?
Platelets plug the wound, clotting factors activate, fibrin forms a mesh.
What do T cells do?
Kill infected cells, activate immune cells.
What are helper T cells?
Activate other immune cells
What are killer (cytotoxic) T cells?
Destroy infected cells.
Where do B cells mature
Bone marrow
What do B cells do?
Produce antibodies and form memory cells.
Q: What are macrophages?
Large immune cells that phagocytize invaders and present antigens to T cells.
Where are macrophages found?
Tissues, lymph nodes, spleen.
What do neutrophils do? form of grandulocyte
First responders, perform phagocytosis.
What is pulmonary circulation?
Blood flow from the heart to the lungs and back, for gas exchange.
What is systemic circulation?
Blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body and back.
Trace the blood flow through the heart.
Body → Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body.
What are the four components of blood?
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.
What is plasma?
The liquid part of blood made mostly of water, carrying nutrients, waste, and proteins
What is intracellular fluid?
Fluid inside cells.
What is extracellular fluid?
Fluid outside cells — includes plasma and lymph.
Where are red blood cells made?
Red bone marrow
What do red blood cells contain?
Hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen.
Where are white blood cells made?
Bone marrow.
Where do white blood cells live?
blood, lymph, tissues, spleen, and lymph nodes.
What are the types of white blood cells?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
What do the atria do
Receive blood coming into the heart.
What do the ventricles do
Pump blood out of the heart.
What is the SA node?
The sinoatrial node — the heart’s natural pacemaker, located in the right atrium.
What does the SA node do?
Sends electrical signals that cause the atria to contract.
What is the AV node?
The atrioventricular node — receives the signal from the SA node and delays it slightly.
What does the AV node do?
Passes the electrical signal to the ventricles through the Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract.
What is the sequence of electrical conduction in the heart?
SA node → Atria contract → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers → Ventricles contract.
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is the process where certain white blood cells, like neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, surround, engulf, and digest harmful invaders such as bacteria, viruses, or dead cells.
Q: What is the Rh factor?
A protein antigen on red blood cells (positive or negative)
A protein antigen on red blood cells (positive or negative)
Q: What is an antibody?
A: A protein that binds to a specific antigen
what do monocytes do/ become
macrophages and then take part in phagocytosis
