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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > PHOTOSYNTHESIS > Flashcards

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flashcards

1
Q

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use
sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

A

Photosynthesis

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2
Q

in plants, it generally involves the green pigment
chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.

A

Photosynthesis

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3
Q
  • essential for growth and survival of autotrophs
  • for providing oxygen to the atmosphere
A

Photosynthesis

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4
Q

noted that plants appeared to “eat”
air and sunlight

A

Ancient civilizations (Greeks and Egyptians) [pre-17th century]

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5
Q

concluded that water
was the source of a plant’s increased mass

A

Jan Baptista Van Helmont

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6
Q
  • conducted experiments with a variety of gases, including “dephlogisticated air” (now known as oxygen).
  • observed that plants exposed to sunlight
    released a gas that could relight a burning candle,
    which we now recognize as oxygen.
A

Joseph Priestley

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7
Q

dephlogisticated air

A

Oxygen

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8
Q

All life needs a constant input of

A

energy

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9
Q

Decribe HETEROTROPHS (3)

A
  1. Get their energy from “eating others”
  2. CONSUMERS (of other organisms)
  3. Consume ORGANIC MOLECULES
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10
Q

Example of heterotrophs

A

Animals
Fungi
Most of bacteria

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11
Q

Decribe AUTOTROPHS (3)

A
  1. Get their energy from “self”; sunlight
  2. PRODUCERS
  3. Use light energy to SYNTHESIZE ORGANIC MOLECULES
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12
Q

Examples of autotrophs

A
  • Plants
  • Photosynthetic bacteria
  • Blue-green algae
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13
Q

Decribe ENERGY CYCLE

A
  • CO2 and H2O + light energy are used for photosynthesis
  • produce GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) as main product; OXYGEN (O2) as by-product
  • produce ATP through CELLULAR RESPIRATION
  • REPEAT
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14
Q

List of raw materials needed by plants for photosynthesis (4) and which part of the plant it will be obtained

A
  • sunlight [in the form of light energy (photons)] - LEAVES (solar collectors)
  • Carbon dioxide - STOMATES (gas exchange)
  • Oxygen - uptake from ROOTS
  • Nutrients - uptake from ROOTS
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15
Q

What does it mean to be a plant?
The need to: (4)

A
  • COLLECT LIGHT ENERGY (transform to chemical energy)
  • STORE LIGHT ENERGY (in a stable form to be moved around plant; saved for rainy days)
  • GET BUILDING BLOCKS OF ATOM FROM ENVIRONMENT (C,H,O,N,P,S)
  • PRODUCE ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES NEEDED FOR GROWTH (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
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16
Q

Chloroplast is consist of:

A
  • double membrane
  • stroma
  • thylakoid sacs
  • grana stacks
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17
Q

Chlorophyll and ETC in _______

A

Thylakoid membrane

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18
Q

Build up of _________ within thylakoid sac

A

H+ gradient

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19
Q

is sheathed with an upper and lower epidermis

A

Leaf

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20
Q

The exposed surfaces of the epidermal cells are coated with?

A

Cuticle

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21
Q

The photosynthetic tissues is identified as?

A

Mesophyll (meso - middle; phyll - leaf)

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22
Q

upper photosynthetic tissue generally consists of?

A

one to three layers of
palisade mesophyll cells

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23
Q

are elongated, cylindrical cells with the long axis perpendicular to the surface of the leaf

A

Palisade cells

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24
Q

Lower photosynthetic tissue is consists of?

A

Spongy mesophyll

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25
Q

Why does spongy mesophyll named “spongy”?

A

because of the prominent air
spaces between the cells

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26
Q

ARE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
MACHINES THAT
MAXIMIZE
THE ABSORPTION
OF LIGHT

A

Leaves

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27
Q

Which layer of epidermis do stomata located?

A

Lower epidermis

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28
Q

has both wave and particle nature.

A

Sunlight

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29
Q

are the smallest unit of
light

A

Photons

30
Q

The light emitted from the sun contains photons in a
wide spectrum of wavelengths called?

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

31
Q

PHOTONS
OSCILLATE ALONG
A PATH CALLED?

A

Wavelength

32
Q

What is the relationship of wavelength to frequency and energy?

A

Inversely proportional

33
Q

Photosynthetic
organisms use only a
short portion of the
electromagnetic
spectrum called?

A

Visible light

34
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, visible light has a wavelength that ranges from?

A

380 nm – 750 nm (nanometers)

35
Q

IT FACILITATE THE CAPTURE OF WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT IN THE VISIBLE LIGHT RANGE.

A

Pigment

36
Q

Chloroplasts are green because?

A

It ABSORB light wavelengths in RED and BLUE but REFLECT GREEN (and yellow) back out

37
Q

wavelengths that provide
the energy needed that is
used for photosynthesis

A

Red and blue wavelengths (only woth absorbed)

38
Q

a dominant pigment, absorbed BEST - red and blue; LEAST - green

A

Chlorophyll a

39
Q

Chemical formula for photosynthesis

A

6CO_2 + 6H_2O —–> C_6H_12O_6 + 6H_2O

40
Q

The reactions that synthesize glucose occurs in the?

A

Stroma

41
Q

The light dependent reactions occurs in the?

A

Thylakoids

42
Q

Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy and the production of ATP happens in?

A

Light reactions

43
Q

This process uses chemical energy (NADPH and ATP) to reduce CO_2 to build C_6H_12O_6 (sugars)

A

Calvin cycle

44
Q

It is a collection of chlorophyll molecules.

A

Photosystems

45
Q

Act as light-gathering “antenna complex”

A

2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane (Photosystem II & I)

46
Q

also referred as P_680 (absorbs 680nm wavelength red light), has chlorophyll a

A

Photosystem II

47
Q

also referred as P_700 (absorbs 700nm wavelength red light), has chlorophyll b

A

Photosystem I

48
Q

It is the key to the photosynthetic electron transport chain.

A

Presence of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII).

49
Q

These are the two large, multimolecular, pigment-protein complexes.

A

photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII)

50
Q

These two photosystems operate in series linked by a third
multiprotein aggregate called?

A

cytochrome complex

51
Q

The effect of the chain is to extract low-energy electrons from water
and, using light energy trapped by chlorophyll, raise the energy level
of those electrons to produce a strong reductant called?

A

NADPH

52
Q

NADPH stands for

A

Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate

53
Q

ATP & ADP stands for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate & Adenosine Diphosphate

54
Q

The bulk of the chlorophyll in the photosystem functions
as?

A

Antenna chlorophyll

55
Q

The association of chlorophyll with specific proteins
forms a number of different ___________

A

chlorophyll-protein (CP)
complexes

56
Q

Within the pigment molecules, the absorbed light energy excites electrons to a

A

higher state

57
Q

It will channel the excitation energy gathered by the pigment molecules to a reaction center chlorophyll
molecule which will then pass the electrons to a series of
proteins located at the thylakoid membrane.

A

Photosystems

58
Q

Photons of light strike Photosystems I and II _______

A

simultaneously

59
Q

What are the two core antennas for photosystem II?

A

Chlorophyll-proteins (CP):
- CP43
- CP47

60
Q

How many molecules of chlorophyll a do CP complexes have each?

A

20 - 25 molecules of chlorophyll a

61
Q

T or F?
The core antenna chlorophyll a absorb light but do not participate directly in photochemical reaction.

A

T

62
Q

They are directly involved in light-
driven redox reactions.

A

reaction center chlorophyll plus associated proteins

63
Q

is the site of the primary photochemical
redox reaction; it is here that light energy is actually converted to chemical energy.

A

reaction center chlorophyll a

64
Q

Reaction center chlorophyll is described as _________ due to its longest-wavelength and lowest-energy-absorbing
chlorophyll in the complex.

A

Energy sink

65
Q

What is the reaction center of PSI? PSII?

A

P_700 ; P_680

66
Q

It OXIDIZES
WATER TO
PRODUCE
OXYGEN

A

Photosystem II

67
Q

T or F?
Electron transport actually begins with the arrival of excitation energy at the photosystem II reaction center chlorophyll, P700, which is located near the
lumenal side of the reaction center.

A

F
[P_700 —-> P_680]

68
Q

This excitation energy is required to change the redox potential of P680
from

A

+0.8 eV to about −0.4 eV

69
Q

T or F?

As a consequence of the initial endergonic excitation process, P680* can rapidly (within picoseconds, 10−12 s) transfer electrons exergonically to pheophytin (Pheo).

A

T

70
Q

T or F

Since this initial oxidation of P680 is light dependent, this is called a
photooxidation event, which results in the formation of P680+ and Pheo−, a charge separation. This charge separation effectively stores light energy as redox potential
energy and represents the actual conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

A

T

71
Q

Two reaction proteins that binds and orients specific redox carriers of the PSII reaction center in such a way as to decrease the probability of
charge recombination between P680+ and Pheo−.

A

D1 and D2

72
Q

I. In a Z-Scheme, the redox components are arranged according to their
approximate midpoint redox potentials.

II. The vertical direction indicates
a constant energy level .

III. The horizontal direction indicates electron flow.

IV. The downhill transfer of electrons between P680* and P700 represents a positive free energy change.

V. Some of this energy is used to establish a proton gradient, which in turn drives ATP synthesis.

Which statement/s is/are true?

A. I and only
B. II, III, and IV only
C. I, III, and V only
D. All of the statements are correct.

A

C.
II = constant - change in
IV = positive - negative

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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