INTRODUCTION Flashcards
is the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions and activities of
living organisms and their parts.
Physiology
It focuses on understanding how various bodily systems and processes work together to
maintain life and enable the organism to adapt to its environment.
Physiology
It encompasses a wide range of topics, including the functions of organs, tissues, cells, and
molecules, as well as the mechanisms by which living organisms regulate and respond to
changes in their internal and external environments.
Physiology
Goals of Physiology (2)
- to understand and predict the
body’s responses to stimuli - to understand how the
body maintains internal
conditions within a narrow
range of values in the
presence of continually
changing internal and
external environments.
3 man components for homeostasis
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
Helps the body maintain a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Scope of Physiology (14)
Cellular
Organ
Systemic
Neurophysiology
Endocrine
Muscle
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Renal
Reproductive
Comparative
Integrative
Environmental
Explores how organisms adapt to different environments, such
as extreme temperatures, high altitudes, or aquatic habitats.
Environmental Physiology
Focuses on understanding how various physiological systems
interact and collaborate to maintain overall homeostasis within an organism.
Integrative Physiology
Compares physiological processes across different species to
identify common principles and adaptations that have evolved over time.
Comparative Physiology
Investigates the processes of reproduction, including gamete
production, fertilization, pregnancy, and the hormonal regulation of reproductive functions.
Reproductive Physiology
Examines the functions of the kidneys, including filtration, reabsorption,
and secretion, as well as their role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance.
Renal Physiology
Studies the processes involved in digestion, absorption of nutrients,
and the functions of organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver.
Digestive Physiology
Focuses on the mechanics of breathing, gas exchange, and how
the respiratory system maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Respiratory Physiology
Explores the functions of the heart and blood vessels, including
circulation, blood pressure regulation, and the transport of nutrients and gases.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Examines the mechanics of muscle contraction, the physiology of
muscle tissues, and the role of muscles in movement.
Muscle Physiology
Studies the endocrine system and its hormones, which regulate
various physiological processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Endocrine Physiology
Investigates the complex workings of the nervous system, including how
nerve cells transmit signals, how the brain processes information, and how the body
responds to various stimuli.
Neurophysiology
Explores the interactions between different organs to form organ
systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems.
Systemic Physiology
Focuses on understanding how specific organs work, their structures,
and the functions they perform. This includes organs like the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys.
Organ Physiology
Examines the functions of individual cells, including their metabolism,
energy production, and specialized processes such as cell division and signal transduction.
Cellular Physiology
T or F?
Understanding physiology holds significant relevance across various fields, including medicine, research, etc.
T
Why study physiology? (8)
Medicine
Health and Wellness
Research
Education
Biotechnology and Industry
Public Health
Sports and Exercise Science
Environmental Sciences
IMPORTANCE UNDER MEDICINE
- Diagnosis and Treatment
- Patient Care
- Surgical Procedures
IMPORTANCE UNDER HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Lifestyle Recommendations
- Preventive Care
IMPORTANCE UNDER RESEARCH
- Advancing Medical Knowledge
- Drug Development
- Experimental Studies
IMPORTANCE UNDER EDUCATION
- Medical Training
- Biology and Life Sciences
IMPORTANCE UNDER BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY
- Biomedical Engineering
- Pharmaceutical Industry
IMPORTANCE UNDER PUBLIC HEALTH
- Epidemiology
- Health Policy
IMPORTANCE UNDER SPORTS AND EXERCISE SCIENCE
- Performance Enhancement
- Injury Recovery
IMPORTANCE UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Adaptation
Levels of
Organization in
Living Systems
- CHEMICAL LEVEL
- CELL LEVEL
- TISSUE LEVEL
- ORGAN LEVEL
- ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
- ORGANISM LEVEL
The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are
determined by their chemical makeup.
Chemical Level
Cells are the basic structural and
functional units of organisms, such as
plants and animals.
Cell Level
is a group of similar cells and
the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and
surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
Tissue (TISSUE LEVEL)
Types of Tissue (4)
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common
functions.
Organ (ORGAN LEVEL)
Major ORGANS
Brain
Liver
Thyroid Gland
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
Gall Bladder
Heart
Thymus
Stomach
Urinary System
Spleen
Kidney
Pancreas
group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions.
Organ system (LEVEL)
Organ Systems
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
s any living thing
considered as a whole,
whether composed of one cell,
such as a bacterium, or of
trillions of cells, such as a
human.
Organism
