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Bio 2300 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

main pathway for movement of C in the biosphere

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2
Q

3 stages of Calvin cycle

A

1- Fixation and Hydrolysis
2- Preparation and Reduction
3- Regeneration

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3
Q

rubsico

A

enzyme used in stage one to add CO2 to RuBP to form 2x 3PG

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4
Q

NADPH + ATP

A

required in stage 2 to reduce 3PG to G3P

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5
Q

triose phosphate

A

3PG and G3P
One of the G3P formed is used for biosynthesis of organic molecules

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6
Q

Stage 3

A

remaining 5 G3P are used to regenerate RuBP using ATP

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7
Q

How much ATP and NADPH is used for one cycle

A

9ATP
6NADPH

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8
Q

Methods of cycle regulation

A

-Key enzymes are only synthesized in tissues exposed to light (rubisco)
-Reduced ferredoxin, ATP, and NADPH activate cycle enzymes

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9
Q

rubisco activase

A

removes inhibitory sugar-phosphate
compounds from the rubisco active site

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10
Q

triose phosphate/phosphate translocator

A

catalyzes exchange or triose phosphates for Pi

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11
Q

antiport system

A

exports triose phosphates if Pi for making new ones returns to the stroma

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12
Q

glucose-1-phosphate

A

hexose required for starch and sucrose syntesis formed from G3P and DHAP

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13
Q

S1 of G1P synthesis

A

triose –> fructose-6-phosphate (2 forms)
occurs in stroma and cytoplasm

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14
Q

isoenzyme/isozyme

A

proteins that carry out the same enzymatic functions

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15
Q

Stage 2 of G1P synthesis

A

F6P –> glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

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16
Q

Stage 3 of G1P syntheis

A

G6P–> G1P

17
Q

Which sugar is created in the cytosol

A

Sucrose

18
Q

Sucrose formation

A

G1P –> UDP-glucose –> fructose-6-phosphate —-> surose-6-phosphate –> sucrose

19
Q

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

A

regulates glycolysis by inhibiting F16BP from forming F6P

20
Q

Which sugar is created in the stroma

A

starch

21
Q

Starch synthesis

A

triose phosphate (G3P) –> glucose-1-phosphate –> ADP glucose –> starch

22
Q

starch synthase

A

adds ADP-glucose to growing starch chains

23
Q

what is rubiscos second function

A

oxygenase

24
Q

what is the result of rubiscos oxygenase reaction

A

2C phosphoglycolate that cannot be used in C cycle

25
Q

3 strategies to avoid oxygenation

A

1- photorespiratory glycolate path
2- C4 photosynthesis
3- crassulacean acid metabolism

26
Q

glycolate pathway

A

a 7 step photorespiratory pathway that takes place in leaf peroxisomes to convert phosphoglycolate to 3PG

27
Q

where does glycolate pathway occur

A

cytosol, leaf peroxisome, and mitochondria

28
Q

what are the transformations of the glycolate pathway

A

Phosphoglycolate –> glycolate –> glyoxylate –> glycine –> serine –> hydroxypyruvate –> glycerate –> 3PG

29
Q

Hatch-Slack cycle

A

short carboxylation/decarboxylization pathway

30
Q

oxaloacetate

A

intermediate in carbon fixation in the Hatch-Slack cycle

31
Q

C4 plants

A

Minimize Photorespiration by
Confining Rubisco to Cells Containing High
Concentrations of CO2

Utilize the Hatch-Slack cycle

32
Q

C3 plants

A

have 3PG as the first detectable product of C fixation

33
Q

What type of photosynthetic cells are found in C4 plants

A

1- mesophyll cells
2- bundle sheath cells

34
Q

mesophyll cells

A

CO2 fixation uses an enzyme that is NOT rubisco (cells exposed to CO2 and O2)

35
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

relatively isolated from the atmosphere and the ENTIRE calvin cycle is confined to these cells

36
Q

4 steps of the HS cycle

A

1- PEP–> oxaloacetate
2- oxaloacetate–> malate
3- release of CO2 wihcih is refixed and reduced by calvin cycle
4- pyruvate –> PEP

37
Q

How many ATP do C4 and C3 plants use

A

C4 = 5ATP
C3 = 3ATP

38
Q

what is the benefit of C4 plants

A

Better in hotter environments and with low CO2. Photosynthetic rate 2-3x higher than C3

39
Q

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plants

A

open stomata only at night to minimize water loss

Bio 2300 (4 decks)

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