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Bio 2300 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

transcription

A

RNA synthesis from DNA

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2
Q

Translation

A

RNA used to synthesize polypeptide

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3
Q

Johann Friedrich Miescher

A

discovered DNA

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4
Q

Walther Flemming

A

Found chromosomes

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5
Q

Eduard Zacharias

A

Removing DNA from cells affected staining of chromosomes

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6
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

ran experiments on S and R strain bacterial pneumonia

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7
Q

transforming principle

A

the R strain can be converted to S through a substance in the S strain

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8
Q

Oswald Avery

A

ran experiments to find the transforming substance and suggested DNA

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9
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria (T2, T4, T6)

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10
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

experimented on T2 phages to determine DNA was the genetic material transferred

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11
Q

retrovirus

A

RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to import virus RNA as host DNA

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12
Q

provirus

A

intergrated viral genome

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13
Q

RNA tumor viruses

A

can cause cancer

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14
Q

oncogene

A

mutated version of a normal cellular gene that causes cancer

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15
Q

Chargaffs rules

A

A=T and C=G

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16
Q

B-DNA

A

right-handed, naturally occuring, and flexible (main form)

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17
Q

Z-DNA

A

left handed

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18
Q

A-DNA

A

right-handed, short/thick, artificial (most RNA double helixes are A)

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19
Q

topoisomerases

A

induce and relax supercoils

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20
Q

type 1 topoisomerase

A

introduce transient single-strand breaks in DNA

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21
Q

type 2 topoisomerase

A

introduces double-stranded breaks (DNA gyrase)

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22
Q

what is the absorbtion maximum of DNA

A

260nm

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23
Q

How does denaturing affect light absorbtion

A

as strands separate, absorbance increases

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24
Q

DNA melting temperature (Tm)

A

the temperature where half the absorbance change is reached

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25
Q

nucleic acid hybridization

A

family of procedures for identifying nucleic acids based on sequence to bind (hybridize) to each other

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26
Q

what does nucleic acid hybridization lead to

A

formation of DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA hybrids

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27
Q

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

A

denatured DNA is incubated with a probe containing a comlimentary sequence to the one its trying to detect

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28
Q

what is the main form of bacterial DNA

A

negatively supercoiled circular chromosomes held in loops by RNAs and prtoeins

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29
Q

plasmids

A

small (usually circular) DNA molecules containing genes for their own replication (mostly supercoiled)

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30
Q

F (fertility factors)

A

involved in the process of conjugation

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31
Q

R (resistance) factors

A

carry genes that impart drug resistance

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32
Q

Col (colinogenic) factors

A

allow bacteria to secrete colicins (kill nearby bacteria that lack the col factor)

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33
Q

virulence factor

A

enhance ability to cause disease by producing toxic proteins

34
Q

metabolic plasmids

A

produce enzymes required for metabolic reactions

35
Q

cryptic plasmids

A

no known function

36
Q

chromatin

A

DNA bound to proteins

37
Q

chromosome

A

condensed chromatin at the time of division

38
Q

histone

A

small basic protein with high lysine and arginine content (positive charge)

39
Q

5 types of histone

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 (less of histone 1)

40
Q

nucleosome

A

thin filament and tiny particles (beads on a string) that make up chromatin fibers

41
Q

Roger Kornberg

A

nucleosomes can be assembled in vitro only when histones used were isolated gently

42
Q

core particle

A

octamer of 8 histones (2x H2A/B and 2xH3-H4) and 146bp of DNA

43
Q

linker DNA

A

the extra DNA from the 200bp of the nucleosome

44
Q

How large is chromatin

A

30-nm

45
Q

how is chromatin packed

A

3D zigzag

46
Q

DNA loops

A

chromatin fibers folded together and stabilized by cohesion protein (50,000-100,000bp)

47
Q

chromosome scaffold

A

DNA loops arranged and attached to nonhistone proteins

48
Q

DNA packing ratio

A

total length of DNA molecule divided by length of chromatin fiber or chromosome inot which it has been packed

49
Q

histone code

A

various combinations of tags like methyl, acetyl, phosphate or other groups

50
Q

chromatin remodelling proteins

A

alter the position of nucleosomes along DNA

51
Q

SWI/SNF

A

class of chromatin remodelling proteins that slide nucleosomes or remove them to make DNA more accesible

52
Q

heterochromatin

A

sections of chromatin that show up as dark spots in a micrograph because they are so compact (when preparing for division)

53
Q

euchromatin

A

more loosely packed, diffuse chromatin (most chromatin in active cells)

54
Q

facultative heterochromatin

A

heterochromatin and eucromatin that can be converted from one to the other

55
Q

constitutive heterochromatin

A

permanently compacted and serves structural functions in chromosomes

56
Q

centromeres

A

type of constitutive heterochromatin that maintain sister chromatid cohesion and serves as a site of kinetochores during mitosis/meiosis

57
Q

CEN sequences

A

highly repetitive DNA sequences that are characteristic of centromeres

58
Q

telomeres

A

type of constitutive heterochromatin found at the tips of chromosomes to protect from degradation that contain highly repetitive DNA sequences

59
Q

Roy Britten and David Kohne

A

discovered repeat DNA sequences

60
Q

difference between repeated DNA sequences and nonrepeated sequences

A

will reanneal more rapidly than nonrepeated DNA

61
Q

tandemly repeated DNA

A

repeats are arranged next to each other in a row

62
Q

simple-sequence repeated DNA/satellite DNA

A

tandem repeats less than 10 bases

63
Q

variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)

A

short repeats

64
Q

minisatellites vs microsatellites(STRs)

A

mini: short repeats 100-100,000bp
micro/short tandem: 10-100bp but with numerous sites in the genome

65
Q

interspersed repeated DNA

A

scattered around the genome (similar but not identical)

66
Q

transposable elements (transposons)

A

can move around the genome and leave copies of themselves behind

67
Q

long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs)

A

most abundant transposons

68
Q

short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs)

A

rely on enzymes from other elements for movement

69
Q

DNA bar code

A

648-nucleotide sequence used to distinguish closely related species

70
Q

Nuclear pore complex (NPC)

A

8 subunit octagonal complex built from proteins called nucleoporins that lines nuclear pores

71
Q

transporter

A

central granule likely involved in moving molecules across the nuclear envelope

72
Q

nuclear localization signals (NLS)

A

aa sequence that enable proteins to be recognized and actively transported across the nuclear membrane

73
Q

importin

A

recognizes nuclear localization signals and mediates movement of the protein to a nuclear pore

74
Q

Ran

A

GTP-binding protein that causes importin to release the protein

75
Q

adaptor proteins

A

contain nuclear export sequences (NES) that target proteins and RNA for export

76
Q

exportins

A

recognize NES on proteins and mediate transport of adaptor protein complex out of the nucleus

77
Q

Nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)

A

brings Ran-GDP back into the nucleus

78
Q

nuclear lamina

A

thin dense meshwork of fibers lining the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane

79
Q

lamins

A

make up IF that makes up nuclear lamina (in animals)

80
Q

fibrils

A

area of the nucleolus that contain DNA being transcribed to RNA

81
Q

granules

A

rRNA molecules being packed with proteins in the nucleolus

Bio 2300 (4 decks)

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