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Bio 2300 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

transcription

A

RNA synthesis from DNA

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2
Q

Translation

A

RNA used to synthesize polypeptide

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3
Q

Johann Friedrich Miescher

A

discovered DNA

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4
Q

Walther Flemming

A

Found chromosomes

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5
Q

Eduard Zacharias

A

Removing DNA from cells affected staining of chromosomes

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6
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

ran experiments on S and R strain bacterial pneumonia

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7
Q

transforming principle

A

the R strain can be converted to S through a substance in the S strain

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8
Q

Oswald Avery

A

ran experiments to find the transforming substance and suggested DNA

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9
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria (T2, T4, T6)

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10
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

experimented on T2 phages to determine DNA was the genetic material transferred

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11
Q

retrovirus

A

RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to import virus RNA as host DNA

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12
Q

provirus

A

intergrated viral genome

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13
Q

RNA tumor viruses

A

can cause cancer

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14
Q

oncogene

A

mutated version of a normal cellular gene that causes cancer

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15
Q

Chargaffs rules

A

A=T and C=G

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16
Q

B-DNA

A

right-handed, naturally occuring, and flexible (main form)

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17
Q

Z-DNA

A

left handed

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18
Q

A-DNA

A

right-handed, short/thick, artificial (most RNA double helixes are A)

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19
Q

topoisomerases

A

induce and relax supercoils

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20
Q

type 1 topoisomerase

A

introduce transient single-strand breaks in DNA

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21
Q

type 2 topoisomerase

A

introduces double-stranded breaks (DNA gyrase)

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22
Q

what is the absorbtion maximum of DNA

A

260nm

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23
Q

How does denaturing affect light absorbtion

A

as strands separate, absorbance increases

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24
Q

DNA melting temperature (Tm)

A

the temperature where half the absorbance change is reached

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25
nucleic acid hybridization
family of procedures for identifying nucleic acids based on sequence to bind (hybridize) to each other
26
what does nucleic acid hybridization lead to
formation of DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA hybrids
27
fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
denatured DNA is incubated with a probe containing a comlimentary sequence to the one its trying to detect
28
what is the main form of bacterial DNA
negatively supercoiled circular chromosomes held in loops by RNAs and prtoeins
29
plasmids
small (usually circular) DNA molecules containing genes for their own replication (mostly supercoiled)
30
F (fertility factors)
involved in the process of conjugation
31
R (resistance) factors
carry genes that impart drug resistance
32
Col (colinogenic) factors
allow bacteria to secrete colicins (kill nearby bacteria that lack the col factor)
33
virulence factor
enhance ability to cause disease by producing toxic proteins
34
metabolic plasmids
produce enzymes required for metabolic reactions
35
cryptic plasmids
no known function
36
chromatin
DNA bound to proteins
37
chromosome
condensed chromatin at the time of division
38
histone
small basic protein with high lysine and arginine content (positive charge)
39
5 types of histone
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 (less of histone 1)
40
nucleosome
thin filament and tiny particles (beads on a string) that make up chromatin fibers
41
Roger Kornberg
nucleosomes can be assembled in vitro only when histones used were isolated gently
42
core particle
octamer of 8 histones (2x H2A/B and 2xH3-H4) and 146bp of DNA
43
linker DNA
the extra DNA from the 200bp of the nucleosome
44
How large is chromatin
30-nm
45
how is chromatin packed
3D zigzag
46
DNA loops
chromatin fibers folded together and stabilized by cohesion protein (50,000-100,000bp)
47
chromosome scaffold
DNA loops arranged and attached to nonhistone proteins
48
DNA packing ratio
total length of DNA molecule divided by length of chromatin fiber or chromosome inot which it has been packed
49
histone code
various combinations of tags like methyl, acetyl, phosphate or other groups
50
chromatin remodelling proteins
alter the position of nucleosomes along DNA
51
SWI/SNF
class of chromatin remodelling proteins that slide nucleosomes or remove them to make DNA more accesible
52
heterochromatin
sections of chromatin that show up as dark spots in a micrograph because they are so compact (when preparing for division)
53
euchromatin
more loosely packed, diffuse chromatin (most chromatin in active cells)
54
facultative heterochromatin
heterochromatin and eucromatin that can be converted from one to the other
55
constitutive heterochromatin
permanently compacted and serves structural functions in chromosomes
56
centromeres
type of constitutive heterochromatin that maintain sister chromatid cohesion and serves as a site of kinetochores during mitosis/meiosis
57
CEN sequences
highly repetitive DNA sequences that are characteristic of centromeres
58
telomeres
type of constitutive heterochromatin found at the tips of chromosomes to protect from degradation that contain highly repetitive DNA sequences
59
Roy Britten and David Kohne
discovered repeat DNA sequences
60
difference between repeated DNA sequences and nonrepeated sequences
will reanneal more rapidly than nonrepeated DNA
61
tandemly repeated DNA
repeats are arranged next to each other in a row
62
simple-sequence repeated DNA/satellite DNA
tandem repeats less than 10 bases
63
variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
short repeats
64
minisatellites vs microsatellites(STRs)
mini: short repeats 100-100,000bp micro/short tandem: 10-100bp but with numerous sites in the genome
65
interspersed repeated DNA
scattered around the genome (similar but not identical)
66
transposable elements (transposons)
can move around the genome and leave copies of themselves behind
67
long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs)
most abundant transposons
68
short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs)
rely on enzymes from other elements for movement
69
DNA bar code
648-nucleotide sequence used to distinguish closely related species
70
Nuclear pore complex (NPC)
8 subunit octagonal complex built from proteins called nucleoporins that lines nuclear pores
71
transporter
central granule likely involved in moving molecules across the nuclear envelope
72
nuclear localization signals (NLS)
aa sequence that enable proteins to be recognized and actively transported across the nuclear membrane
73
importin
recognizes nuclear localization signals and mediates movement of the protein to a nuclear pore
74
Ran
GTP-binding protein that causes importin to release the protein
75
adaptor proteins
contain nuclear export sequences (NES) that target proteins and RNA for export
76
exportins
recognize NES on proteins and mediate transport of adaptor protein complex out of the nucleus
77
Nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)
brings Ran-GDP back into the nucleus
78
nuclear lamina
thin dense meshwork of fibers lining the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane
79
lamins
make up IF that makes up nuclear lamina (in animals)
80
fibrils
area of the nucleolus that contain DNA being transcribed to RNA
81
granules
rRNA molecules being packed with proteins in the nucleolus

Bio 2300 (4 decks)

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