photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the light dependent reaction

A

• Chlorophyll absorbs light energy & Excites electrons
• electrons removed (Oxidation of chlorophyll) via photoionisation;
• Electrons move along carriers/electron transport chain releasing energy (Series of REDOX reactions)
• Energy released (by electrons) used to form proton gradient;
• H+ ions move through ATP synthase;
• providing energy to join ADP and Pi to form ATP;
• Photolysis of water produces 2 protons, 2 electrons and ½ oxygen;
• NADP reduced by electrons / electrons and protons / hydrogen;

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2
Q

Describe the light independent reaction

A

• Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate/RuBP;
• Produces two glycerate (3-)phosphate/GP;
• GP reduced to triose phosphate;
• Using reduced NADP;
• Using energy from ATP;
• Triose phosphate converted to glucose/hexose/RuBP/ named organic substance;

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3
Q

ATP is produced in the light dependant reaction, suggest why this is not their (plants) only source of ATP.

A

• Plants don’t photosynthesis in the dark;
• Not all the parts of the plants photosynthesise;
• Plants require more ATP than is produced in the light dependant reaction;
• ATP used in Active Transport (accept other named processes)

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4
Q

Describe the effect of introducing a herbicide/inhibitor on the electron transport chain (4)

A

• Reduced transfer of protons across thylakoid membrane
OR
• Reduced chemiosmotic gradient/proton gradient across thylakoid membrane;
• (So) less ATP produced;
• (So) less reduced NADP produced;
• (So) light-independent reaction slows/stops
OR
• Less reduction of GP to triose phosphate;

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5
Q

Describe what happens during photoionisation in the light dependent reaction.

A

• Chlorophyll absorbs light
OR
Light excites/moves electrons in chlorophyll;
• Electron/s are lost
OR
(Chlorophyll) becomes positively charged;
Accept electrons go to electron transport/carrier chain for ‘electrons lost’.

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6
Q

When producing a chromatogram explain why the origin is marked using a pencil rather than ink.

A

• Ink and (leaf) pigments would mix
OR
• (With ink) origin/line in different position
OR
• (With pencil) origin/line in same position
OR
• (With pencil) origin/line still visible;

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7
Q

While making a chromatogram, describe the method used to separate the pigments after the solution of pigment had been applied to the origin.

A

Level of solvent below origin/line;
• Remove/stop before (solvent) reaches top/end;

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8
Q

Suggest and explain the advantage to plants of having different colour pigments in leaves.

A

• Absorb different/more wavelengths of light for photosynthesis;

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9
Q

ATP is useful in many biological processes. Explain why (5)

A
  1. Releases energy in small amounts
  2. Broken down in one step / single bond broken
  3. Immediate energy compound
  4. Phosphorylates
  5. Makes more reactive / lowers Ea
  6. Can be reformed / made again
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10
Q

Contrast the structures of ATP and a nucleotide found in DNA to give two differences (2)

A
  1. ATP has ribose sugar whereas DNA nucleotides have deoxyribose sugar
  2. ATP has 3 phosphate groups whereas DNA nucleotides have only 1 phosphate groups
  3. ATP nitrogen-containing base is always adenine whereas DNA nucleotide base can differ (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
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11
Q

Give two ways in which the hydrolysis of ATP is used in cells
(2)

A
  1. Active transport of Nat
  2. Phosphorylates other compound making them more reactive
  3. Releases small amounts of energy for protein synthesis
  4. DNA replication
  5. Secretion of enzyme / hormones
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12
Q

Where does the light-dependent reaction occur? (1)

A

Granum

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13
Q

Where does the light - independent reaction occur? (1)

A

Stroma

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14
Q

Name the two products of the light - dependent reaction that are required in the light - independent reaction? (2)

A
  1. ATP
  2. NADPH
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15
Q

What are the reactants and products of the light
- dependent reaction? (2)

A
  1. REACTANTS - Light, Water
  2. PRODUCTS - Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
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16
Q

What are the reactants and products of the light
- independent reaction? (2)

A
  1. REACTANTS - NADPH, ATP,
    Carbon Dioxide
  2. PRODUCTS - Glucose
17
Q

What does a co-enzyme do?
Give an example (1)

A

Co-operates with an enzyme
Example - NADPH

18
Q

What is meant by the photo-ionisation of chlorophyll? (1)

A

Oxidation of Chlorophyll when hit by light

19
Q

What is meant by photo-lysis of water? (1)

A

Splitting of water to produce 2
electrons, 2 protons and half 02

20
Q

What is meant by the photo-phosphorylation of ADP? (1)

A

making ATP (from ADP + Pi)
using energy from light

21
Q

Where precisely is RuBisCo found in a cell? (1)

A

Stroma

22
Q

Explain why plants that have more chlorophyll will grow faster than plants with less chlorophyll. (4)

A
  1. Have faster production of ATP and NADPH
  2. So faster light independent reaction
  3. So produce more sugars that can be used in respiration
  4. So have more energy for growth
  5. Have faster synthesis of new organic materials
23
Q

Explain the role of chlorophyll in photo-lysis (2)

A
  1. Absorbs light energy
  2. Loses electrons and is oxidised
24
Q

Explain why scientists measure the rate of production of oxygen in this investigation (2)

A
  1. Oxygen produced in the light independent reaction
  2. Faster oxygen is produced, the faster the light dependent reaction
25
Q

Explain the relationship between the stomatal opening and photosynthesis (2)

A
  1. Stomata allow uptake of carbon dioxide
  2. Carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis