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Biology U4 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the chloroplast contain

A

Starch

Granny

Ribosome

Inter graham lamella

Stroma

DNA

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2
Q

Thylakoids function

A

Have large SA for light energy to be absorbed

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3
Q

Stroma

A

Is a fluid containing free moving enzyme and substrates for Calvin cycle - LIR

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4
Q

Process of LDR step 1

A

Light energy excites electron in the chlorophyll

Absorbed by the PSII

It moves to a higher energy level

These high energy electron moves along the electron chain transport (ETC) to PS1

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5
Q

LDR step 2

A

Excited electron from chlorophyll leave the PS 11 to move along the electron transport chain they must be replaced

The light energy splits water into protons electrons and oxygen
PHOTOLYSIS

H20 —> 1/2 O2 + 2e+ 2H+

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6
Q

LDR step 3

A

The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the ETC

The energy is used to transport the protons into the thylakoids so that the thylakoids has higher conc of protons than the stroma.
—> this forms a electrochemical gradient across the membrane

Protons move down their concentration gradient into the stroma, via the enzyme ATPsynthase and inorganic phosphate (Pi)to form ATP

CHEMIOSMOSIS

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7
Q

LDR step 4

A

Light energy is absorbed by PS 1 which excites the electron again to an even higher energy level

Finally the electrons are transferred to NADP along with proton from the stroma to form NADPH

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8
Q

Cyclic phosphorylation

A

Only PS1 involved

Water is not involved

Oxygen is not involved

NADPH Is not synthesised

Used to produce ATP additional in order to meet the cell energy demand

(Only produce small amounts)

Electrons returned to chlorophyll molecule after aiding the reproduction (ATP

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9
Q

Non cyclic phosphorylation

A

PS1 and PS2 are involved

Photolysis of water is required

Oxygen is evolved

NADPH is synthesised

Products can be used for the LIR

Electrons has been given to PS1 therefore needs an electron to come from breakdown of water

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10
Q

What products from LDR to LIR

A

ATP

NADPH

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11
Q

Calvin cycle mnemonic

A

Rubi

Comes

From

PG

To GET

Glucose

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12
Q

Calvin cycle step 1

A

CO2 enters the stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast

Combined with RuBP andd is catalysedd by RUBISCO

This gives an unstable 6 carbon compound, which quickly breaks down into 2 molecules of glycerine 3 phosphate (GP)

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13
Q

Calvin cycle step 2

A

The hydrolysis of ATP (from LDR) provide energy to turn 3-GP to GALP

This requires H+ ions which come from (NADPH -LDR) . NADPH to NADP

Some GALP is then converted into glucose

And come continue to regenerate RuBP

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14
Q

Calvin cycle step 3

A

Two GALP molecule used to make glucose

5/6 GALP molecule produced are used to regenerate RuBP

Regenerating RuBP uses the rest of ATP
Produced by LDR

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15
Q

How does light intensity affect photosynthesis

A
  • affect the amount of reduc3 NADP and ATP produc3d in the LDR

-both light intensity and wavelength affect the rate of photosynthesis

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16
Q

Limiting factors affecting photosynthesis

A

In greenhouse, extra CO2 can be supplied to increase the rate of photosynthesis (their yield)

-CO2 for the Calvin cycle

17
Q

Limiting factor affecting Temperature

A

Each step is controlled but enzyme

Optimum temperature should be applied

-kinetic energy
-more collision
-faster rate of reaction

18
Q

What is action spectrum

A

Shows the rate of photosynthesis for all wavelength of light as a % of the maximum Possible rate

19
Q

What colour does the maximum photosynthesis rates occur

A

1) blue light
2) red light

20
Q

What minimum photosynthesis rates occur in

A

Green yellow light

21
Q

What colour is chlorophyll a

A

Blue green (found in all photosynthesis. Plant + highest quantity)

22
Q

What colour is chlorophyll b

A

Yellow - green

23
Q

What colour is carotenoids

A

Orange carotene/ yellow xanthophyll

24
Q

What colour is phaeophytin

A

Grey

25
Q

What does photosynthetic pigments have

A

Different absorption spectrum

-having different proportions of photosynthesis pigment = different colour of leaves

26
Q

What does each pigment have

A

Each pigment can absorb a different range of wavelength of light within the visible light spectrum

27
Q

What wavelength and colour doesn’t absorb well and why

A

500-550 nm is poorly absorbed by all pigments , so this wavelength is reflected which is why leaves look green

28
Q

Why is it an advantage why plants have multiple pigments

A

A wider range of wavelength is absorbed

Therefore more light energy is absorbed for the LDR (more photoionisation of chlorophyll)

29
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

A graph showing the amount of light absorbed by a pigment in the different wavelength of light

30
Q

Where does the light dependant reaction occur

A

Thylakoids membrane

31
Q

Where does the light independent reaction occurs

A

Stroma

32
Q

What is carbohydrates used for

A

The glucose is used for respiration

33
Q

Whats is lipids used for

A

Biology U4 (9 decks)

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