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Biology U4 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define population

A

A group of organism of the same specie , living and breeding together in a habitat

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2
Q

Define community

A

All the population of all the different specie of organism living in. A habitat at any one time

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3
Q

Define habitat

A

A place where on organism lives

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4
Q

Define Niche

A

The role of an organism within a habitat

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5
Q

Define ecosystem

A

An environment including all the living organism interacting within it

The cycling of nutrients and the physical and chemical environment in which the organism are living

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6
Q

What is biomass

A

Remaining in an organism can be measured in tems of mass of carbon or dry mass of tissue per given area

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7
Q

How do to maximise the rate of photosynthesis

A

Plenty of water
Light
Warmth
Green

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8
Q

Define GPP ( gross primary productivity)

A

Is a chemical energy store in plant biomass in a given area or volume. It is the total energy resulting from photosynthesis

Rate at which chemical energy converted into carbohydrates during photosynthesis (total energy result ing from photosynthesis)

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9
Q

Define NPP net primary production

A

Is the chemical energy store in plant biomass taking into account the energy that will be lost due to respiration

NPP= GPP- R

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10
Q

NPP equation

A

NPP = GPP - R

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11
Q

What is NPP used for

A

NPP is the energy left over that is available to the plant to create new biomass and therefore available to the next trophies level in a food web

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12
Q

Explain how water affects NPP

A

Lack of water for photolysis -less electron available to replace electron from PS11 less NADPH IS produced so limiting the rate of LIP so less GALP and glucose produced

Less electron moving down the ETC means less protons pumped from stroma to thylakoids space so less of a gradient so less proton moving through ATP synthase so less ATP (so less GALP and glucose)

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13
Q

How does less plant affect the NPP

A

Less plant = less leaves= less chlorophyll so less photosynthesis so less organic materials ( GALP and glucose) being made

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14
Q

How does temperature affect NPP

A

Low temperature means less kinetic energy for enzyme/substrate so less successful enzyme-substrate collisions so lower rate of reaction . Too high temperature enzyme denatured so reaction stop

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15
Q

How does ions affect the NPP calcium

A

Producing cell wall/middle lamella during cell division

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16
Q

How does ions affect the NPP magnesium

A

For chlorophyll for light absorption (less NADPH and ATP. So less LIR so less GALP)

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17
Q

How does ions affect the NPP phosphate

A

For ATP and NADPH / nucleic acid

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18
Q

What happens to the R when tree increases

A

R would increases as the tree is larger it has more metabolic demands so needs to respire more glucose to produce ATP for active transport, protein synthesis etc

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19
Q

How does the GPP affect if the tree size increase

A

GPP would also increase as the tree has more leaves and therefore chlorophyll it can absorb more sunlight to produce more ATP and NADPH in the LDR. This increases production of organic molecule such as GALP in the light independent reaction and glucose which can increase the rate of production of biomass

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20
Q

Suggest why the tropical evergreen forest has one of the highest average NPP

A

Condition are ideal for plant growth
-temperature and water availability are high

Lots of plants and trees= lots leaves and therefore chlorophyll for absorbing light for the LDR = lots of ATP & NADPH produced for LIR = lots of GALP= lots or organic compounds for new plant tissue = high NPP

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21
Q

Explain why the open ocean has the highest percentage of earths NPP but the lowest average NPP

A

Open ocean covers very large area. NPP per gram per m^2 per year is Low but such a very large area is covered by ocean that overall the NPP is highest

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22
Q

What is biomass measured

A

Mass of carbon per unit area (kg/m^2)

G/m^2/year

gC/m^2/year

Units of energy ( KJ/m2/year)

23
Q

Measuring biomass

A

1) dry sample in oven at Low temperature
I. High temperature burns the sample removing carbon

2) weigh sample at regular

3) once mass becomes constant, all water has evaporated

Note amount of water varies so it’s it’s better to measure dry mass

24
Q

Primary productivity is expressed

A

Mass/energy area-1 time -1 eg kJ m-2 year-1

25
Q

Energy transfer formula

A

Energy transfer = energy transferred to next level / energy available in plant source x 100

26
Q

Efficiency limitation

A

1) all abundant specie have to be identified

2) number of organism, average body size and how much energy it represent has to be known

3) how much biomass is transferred between levels needs to be known

27
Q

What is pyramid of biomass

A

Shows the amount of dry biomass at each trophic level in a food chain

A model of feeding relationship that represent the biomass of the organism at each tropic level in a food chain

28
Q

Disadvantages of pyramid of biomass

A

1) calculating dry biomass is time consuming as you have to take the sample and get rid of the water content in the ample

2)biomass pyramid only show data at one point in time in one sample eg sample of pond water

29
Q

Def pyramid of energy

A

Represent the total energy store of the organism at each tropic level in a food chain

30
Q

Losses of energy along a food chain

A

1) animals cannot breakdown everything they eat ; some energy is lost in faces and un digested food

2)energy is lost in respiration, Anne other if reaction to produce ATP which heats the surrounding and cells

3) plants materials is lost as waste ie urea

31
Q

Light a biotic factors on a population

A

Amount of light affects a habitat directly in an area

Light affect the photosynthesis of plant which is the producer in the food chain- affect to other organism as well

Direct effect of light to animals physiology and behavior

Adaptation of plant for low light level
- extra chlorophyll
-different ratio of photosynthetic pigments (that sensitive to lower light level)
-very large leaves to absorb light —> large SA

32
Q

Temperature abiotic factors

A

Animals have a range of temperature which they can reproduce

Temperature affect the enzyme controlled reactions especially in aquatic animals that can’t control their body temperature

Temperature affects the rate of enzyme - controlled reaction to and ectothermic organism eg reptile

Temperature can affect growth and reproduction of the some organisms

33
Q

Wind and water current affecting a population

A

Wind cools off the body and causes a lot of water loss and affect specie richness and diversity as many organism cannot handle the wind

Wind current affect the specie lives in the water can damage the ecosystem

34
Q

Water availability affecting population

A

Low supply of water can cause a many organism out of the habitat unless they have a special adaptation

If the a,Lunt of Reese’s then biodiversity will suddenly increase as well as conditions ar enow suitable

35
Q

Oxygen availability

A

In the aquatic habitat if the water is cold and flows the oxygen dissolves and a lot of aquatic life would be present

If the water is still then oxygen would not dissolve

Low oxygen
-high temp/still water
-waterlogged soil
-still air
-high altitude

Soil is aerated is has many holes for the oxygen to diffuses however waterlogged soil these holes are filled with water that still so O2 doesn’t dissolve

36
Q

Edaphic factors that affects population

A

1) sand is dry and is easily drained out and so minerals is leeched as water washes them out.
—> only some plants can grow

2)Clay -> heavy, longer to warmed, easily waterlogged

3)loam—> wide range of particles size ideal, less drained , less waterlogged

37
Q

Biotic factors predation affect population

A

Prey population will increase at first causing more food to be available for the predators so after a while they increase in numbers too

Eventually there will be more predators than prey so food resources are limited so predators leave and the cycle repeats

38
Q

Biotic factors finding a mate affects a population

A

Reproduction patterns determines which organism are found in each habitat. Increased the biodiversity

Reproduce sexually found in an area is greatly affected by the availability of mates

39
Q

Biotic factor territory affect population

A

Involved in making sure that breeding pair has sufficient recourse to raise the offspring

Depends on many factors

40
Q

Biotic factors parasitism and disease

A

Parasite will feed off of the living body of the host and will weaken it

Especially in areas of high population density the disease will spread more effectively

-weak
-unsuccessful reproduction
-less likely to find food
-more impact in high population density

In areas of Low biodiversity the effect will be even greater compared to high biodiversity

41
Q

Define density independent factors

A

Ones with the same effect regardless of the population size in a specific area

Eg . Temperature

42
Q

Define density dependant factors

A

Ones which depends on the population size in a specific area

Eg parasitism and disease because the closer the organism are to each other the easier the disease spreads

43
Q

Effects of intraspecific competition

A

Biotic factor

Members of the same species compete for resources +mate

Usually result a part of the population not receiving resources so they may
not reproduce or survive thus population is slowed down

More well adapted individuals will be able to perform a more impressive courtship display or may have better features in better condition so will be more likely to attract a mate+ reproduce

44
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Biotic factor

Members of different species compete for the same resources that in limited supply

Competition will reduce the population growth of both species but one specie will win as it has advantage over the other

45
Q

Primary succession

A

1) colonization
Where a pioneer species will take over the area such as mosses or algae

2)they will break down the rock surface causing the soil to become deeper

3) eventually a large variety of plant can be supported and so climax community
—> which is one that is constant and has relatively constant biodiversity and specie richness

46
Q

Define niche

A

The role of the organism in the habitat

47
Q

What will happen when two specie fill the same niche within a habitat

A

Two specie will be in a direct competition with each other for resources and one of the two specie will out compete the other causing one of the them to die

48
Q

Not always specie occupying the same niche

A

Sometimes seem as though two specie may occupy the same niche, but there will still be subtle differences in their role

Ie
- they might feed at different times of the day
-Different good sources

49
Q

How does the niche determine the abundance within the habitat

A

If two specie occupy similar niche within a habitat they will be competing with each other so their population will be smaller and their abundance will therefore be lower

50
Q

How does niche affect its distribution

A

Specie can only survive in habitat to which they are well adapted if they are not well suited to a habitat biotic and abiotic factors then move to a more suitable habitat and their distribution will change

51
Q

Process of primary succession step 1

A

Pioneer specie (mosses and lichens) germinate easily and withstand harsh conditions such as Low water availability and nutrients

As pioneer specie die and decompose the dead organic matter forms soil
—> the plants at this stage of succession are adapted to survive in shallow , nutrients poor soil

The roots of these small plants form a network that helps hold the soil in place and prevent being washed away

52
Q

Process of primary succession step 2

A

Larger shrubs and plants and small tree being in to grow it also requires more water and stored in deeper soil

Over time the soil becomes sufficient ply deep contain enough nutrients and hold enough water to support growth of large trees this increases specie diversity

53
Q

Process of primary succession step 3

A

The final specie to colonise the new land becomes the dominant specie of the now complex ecosystem

Climax community - contain all different plant and animals that have now colonise the land

54
Q

How does pioneer specie help with

A

Pioneer specie such as lichen help to slowly break apart the top surface of the bare rock when the lichen dies and are broken down forms basic soil

Biology U4 (9 decks)

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