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Unit One Grade 11 Biology - Biomolecules and Energetics > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy is…

A

NOT created or DESTROYED (source is sunlight)

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2
Q

Energy flows from…

A

High to Low

Some energy is lost to surroundings

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3
Q

What is the function of Photosynthesis?

A

To convert ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY into CHEMICAL ENERGY that can be used or stored by living things

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4
Q

What are PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS called?

A

Autotrophs (self feeders) because they make their own food

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5
Q

What are Chemoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that use heat and inorganic chemicals to make food (bacteria)

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6
Q

What are some examples of Photo-Autotrophs
I
Light

A

Cyanobacteria (blue, green algaes)
Algeas (sea weeds etc.)
Plants

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7
Q

What are the different pigments?

A

Chlorophyll: Green. )
Xanthophyll: Yellow. > Pigments reflect their colour
Carotinoids: Orange ) but absorb the energy of others

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8
Q

Different colours of light have…

A

Different Energy

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9
Q

What re the wavelength boundaries?

A

380-780nm

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10
Q

Shorter wavelength=

Longer wave length=

A

Higher Energy

Lower Energy

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11
Q

What light do plants absorb?

A

Blue-Red light

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12
Q

What does Chlorophyll do? (Most abundant plant pigment)

A

Absorbs red & blue, reflects green

2 types of chlorophyll allow plants to absorb a broad range of energy

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13
Q

The Chloroplast is…

A

The organelle containing pigment in plant cells. In addition to pigments the chloroplast has a large no. of proteins to catalyse reactions

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14
Q

The parts of the Chloroplast

A

Outer & Inner Membranes
Ribosomes (and DNA)
Stroma: Fluid in chloroplasts filled with proteins (enzymes)
Lamtellae: Squiggles
Thylakoid: Small fat pouch filled with fluid )
Granum: Stack of Thylakoid. > Increase SA (reaction surface
) and light capture

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15
Q

The Process of Photosynthesis

A

Reactants Light Products
I
6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (g) —-> C6 H2 O6 + 6O2 (g)
I I
Small molecules. Big molecules
(Fewer bonds: less E). (More Bonds: more E)

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16
Q

There are two parts to the metabolic process (Photosynthesisj

A

Light-Dependent Reactions
Calvin-Bentsen Cycle
aka. Light independent Reactions
aka. Dark Reactions

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17
Q

What do the Light Reactions do?

A

Capture Light
Makes energy carriers
To move e-

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18
Q

The first step of the Light Reactions

A

Light strikes pigment, Photons excite e-

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19
Q

The second step of the Light Reactions

A

Excited electron pairs get passed through a series of proteins in the membrane, releasing Energy as they go (Electron Transport Chain)

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20
Q

The third step of the Light Reactions

A

Energy released by the ETC is used to pump H+ ions into the lumen, creating a H+ concentration gradient

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21
Q

The fourth step of the Light Reactions

A

H+ will escape the Lumen (wants to reach equilibrium), they must exit through ATP synthase, ATP synthase will use the energy released to make ATP

22
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

A high energy molecule, cell energy currency

23
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Di-Phosphate

Lower energy molecule

24
Q

Taking electrons increases E this process is called…

A

Reduction

25
Q

ATP is the…

A

Reduced form

26
Q

ADP is the…

A

Oxidised form

27
Q

What happens when ATP is used?

A

It loses the Phosphate and 2e- , called oxidation

28
Q

How do we move energy

A

Through Redox reactions (ETC)

29
Q

How does Chromatography work?

A 
It separates compounds based on size, charge or solubility
A solvent (mobile phase) will pull the compounds through a paper (stationary phase)
Small soluble stuff travels faring less soluble stuff, not so far 
An Rf (reference value) can be calculated to I.D a compound through L comparison
30
Q

What is the formula for calculating an Rf value

A 
Pigment Distance  (Top of green to bottom)
Rf = ———————————
          Solvent Distance (top to bottom)
31
Q

What is Spectroscopy?

A

Sending a beam of light through a sample of solution

Measures absorption (nm or wavelength)
Measures transmission/reflect (nm)
32
Q

Redox Reactions and the ETC

A

Light captured by pigments is used to excite electrons (e-)
Excited e- are passed through a series of proteins (steps)
As e- pairs are passed energy us released

*Each step is an oxidation/reduction reaction

<2e->
Protein carrier 1 ———> Protein 2
/ \
Gets oxidised Gets reduced
(Giving away) (Received e-)

33
Q

What does the ETC look like?

A

<2e->. <2e->
————— I. 1. Gets reduced
I. <2e->
I_______I. 1. Gets oxidised
1 I. 2. Is reduced. <2e->
I_______I. 2. Is oxidised
2. I. 3. Is reduced. <2e->
I. ________I
3 I. 3. Oxidised, acceptor is reduced
I_______
Acceptor

34
Q

Every redox reaction does what?

A

Releases energy

This energy is used to make other energy compounds

35
Q

What is the purpose of the Light Reactions?

A

Capture light energy to turn it into chemical energy, & transport that energy to the glucose - making molecules (w/ energy carriers) ATP, NADPH

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

36
Q

First stage of The Light Rections

A

Photons excite electrons in chlorophyll of PSII

37
Q

Second stage of The Light Rections

A

Electrons are passed down the Electron-Transport-Chain (ETC): series of protein ‘stairs’

38
Q

Third stage of The Light Reactions

A

As e- are passed, Redox reactions occur, energy released is used to pump H+ into the lumen
Creates a gradient

39
Q

Fourth stage of The Light Reactions

A

H+ will move back out of the Thylakoid, down the gradient through ATP synthase, energy freed in this H+ flow is used to Phosphorylise ADP & make ATP. (ADP +Pi ——> ATP). This process is called Chemiosmosis
The movement of Hydrogen protons across a membrane

Energy harnessed from PSII makes ATP

40
Q

Fifth stage of The Light Reactions

A

2e- from PSII have given off their energy, they become excited again at PSI (by protons)

41
Q

Sixth stage of The Light Reactions)

A

Excited e- are passed down on ETC (Redox reactions happen)

42
Q

Seventh stage of The Light Reactions

A

Energy released is used to reduce NADP+ (reduced form) & make NADPH (oxidised form)

43
Q

Eighth stage of The Light Reactions

A

ATP & NADPH go to fuel the dark reactions (Calvin Bentsen Cycle)

Energy harnessed by PSI makes NADPH

44
Q

What is Photolysis?

A

Splitting by light
During the light reactions
Supplies the e- pairs & H+
Involves splitting H2O w/ light energy

                                For the ETC
                                         I H2O ———> H+          + e-           + O2 (g)
                        I.                                        I
          For the gradient &.                  Byproduct of photosynthesis
                Chemiosmosis.                              for all living things
45
Q

The Calvin Bentsen Cycle

A

Once called the ‘Dark Reactions’ because some plants carry out these reactions at night
These reactions still require the end products of the light reactions
The end product of the dark reactions is a molecule called Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Then two G3P molecules are used to make 1 Glucose
The CB cycle has 3 parts
Fixation of CO2
Reduction
Regeneration

46
Q

Stage one of the CB cycle

A

Fixation

3 inorganic CO2 from the atmosphere are attached to 3, 5-Carbon RuBP (ribulase byphosphate) by RubisCo (enzyme)

47
Q

Stage two of the CB cycle

A

Reduction

The 3-carbon imidiates will be given high Energy electrons (w/ Pi & H+), These electrons are donated by the carriers from the light reactions (the carriers get oxidised)

48
Q

Stage three of the CB cycle

A

Regeneration

5, 3 carbon G3P are used to remake 3, 5 carbon RuBP

49
Q

The ______ - ______ cycle happens twice to make _______ (C6 H12 O6)

A

The Calvin - Bensen cycle happens twice to make Glucose (C6 H12 O6)

Can then be used by Cell Respiration
Used to make fruit/nectar
Stored as starch/cellulose

50
Q

Where does the different stage of Photosynthesis occur?

A

Calvin/Bensen Stroma By product of Photolysis
Fixed, & used to make Source of O2 for all
G3P & then Glucose Living things
I I
6H2O + 6CO2 ——> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
I I
Light rxns. Primary product formed after the CB
Lumen - Photolysis. Cycle, for energy storage (food)
Source if (e-) —> ETC
& H+ ——> Chemiosmosis

51
Q

What happens during the Dark Reactions?

A

Fixes CO2 from atm
Makes high energy carbon compounds through reduction (NADPH —> NADP+)
Carbon compounds are reduced by ATP & NADPH (ATP ——> ADP)
1 G3P goes to make glucose
5 G3P regenerate RuBP

52
Q

What happens during the Light Reactions?

A

Makes energy carriers (ATP & NADPH) to fuel the Dark Reactions - in the Thylakoid (PSI, II) uses the ETC & redox reactions to release energy from proton excited e-
Energy used to build up H+ gradient to run Chemiosmosis with ATP synthase (PSII) & reduce NADP+ —> NADPH (PSI)

Unit One Grade 11 Biology - Biomolecules and Energetics (3 decks)

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