Biomolecules and Enzymes

Question 1

What are the four things all living things must do?

Answer 1

Obtain Materials and metabolism energy molecules
Build and Organise
Respond to the Environment
Reproduce

Question 2

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

(Smooth and Rough)

(Squiggles)

Answer 2

Smooth: makes fats
Rough: makes proteins with ribosomes

Question 3

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Centre circle

Answer 3

Stores information and (DNA) instructions

Question 4

What is the function of the Nucleolus? (Inside the Nucleus)

Circle inside centre circle

Answer 4

It makes ribosomes

Question 5

What is the function of the Mitochondrion?

Oval , squiggly membrane inside

Answer 5

Makes cell energy (ATP) with Cellular Respiration

Question 6

What is the function of the Vacuoles?

Small circles - multiple

Answer 6

For storage

Question 7

What is the function of the Lysosome?

Circle with spots

Answer 7

Contains enzymes for ‘digestion’

Question 8

What is the function of the Centriole?

hashtag

Answer 8

For reproduction (mitosis)

Question 9

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

Spikes on the membrane

Answer 9

Support and transport

Question 10

What is the function of the Golgi Body?

What is one Golgi body called?

(Stacked blob things)

Answer 10

Transport

A Vesicle

Question 11

What is the function of the Membrane?

Answer 11

To mean rain the shape of the cell and to protect it?

Question 12

What are the characteristics of a Prokaryote?

Answer 12

No Nucleus (nucleotide region)
No plasmids
No membrane bound organelles

They do have a cell wall make of CARBS and FAT

Question 13

Plants are …

Answer 13

Eukaryotic

Cell wall (carbs) 
One large vacuole
No Centrioles
Chloroplasts: capture light energy for PHOTOSYNTHESIS 
Chromoplasts: for Pigment

Question 14

What is the structure of a membrane?

Answer 14

Phospholipid bilayer made of:

Phosphate (polar): Hydrophilic
Fatty Acids (non-polar): Hydrophpbic
Protein Channels
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol

It’s called the ‘Fluid Mosaic Model’
Flexible
Phospholipids move
Many types of components

Question 15

Membrane Transport often relies on __________

Answer 15

Concentration gradients

Which exists if there is an uneven distribution of entities

Question 16

If there is a gradient, what will materials do?

Answer 16

They will move to get rid of the gradient and reach equilibrium (balance)

Question 17

What is Simple Diffusion?

Free ‘Passive’ Transport

Answer 17

Movement of entities down the gradient through the phospholipids (small and non-polar)

(High-Low)

Question 18

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Free ‘Passive’ Transport

Answer 18

Movement of entities down a gradient through protein (small, polar)

(It has to be small enough to fit through a protein)
(Carriers or channel)

(High-Low)

Question 19

What are Protein Pumps?

Needs Energy ‘Active’ Transport

Answer 19

Movement of entities up the gradient
Requires energy (ATP)

(Low-High)

Question 20

What is Vesicle Transport?

Answer 20

Endocytosis (in)
Exocytosis (out)

Receptor mediated (protein signal)

Question 21

What is Osmosis?

Answer 21

The movement of water

Needs Aquaporins

Question 22

What does water move towards during Osmosis?

Answer 22

Solute

High water conc. - Low water conc.

Question 23

If a me,brand is permeable, why will water and solutes move?

Answer 23

To create Equilibrium on either side of a membrane

Question 24

What are molecules?

Answer 24

Entities made of atoms held together by COVALENT bonds (shared electron pairs)

Ex. H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4

Question 25

MACROmolecules are _____

Answer 25

Large

Question 26

What are Organic Molecules?

Answer 26

Carbon Based They also typically contain H, O Sometimes N&P

Question 27

What are the four Biomolecules?

Answer 27

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Question 28

What are the subunits of biomolecules?

Answer 28

Monomers

Question 29

What are multiple monomers?

Answer 29

Polymers

Question 30

Carbohydrates

Answer 30

``` Energy molecules (glucose, sucrose, starch) Cell to cell bonding, interaction / communication Structure (cellulose, lignin, chitin) ```

Question 31

What shapes are Carbohydrates?

Answer 31

⚫️____⚫️ Ring Shapes. / \. H ⚫️ C⚫️ l \ /. O H ⚫️ ____ ⚫️

Question 32

What are the Carbohydrate subunits?

Answer 32

1 Subunit: Monosaccharide: Glucose or Fructose 2 Subunits: Disaccharide: Sucrose, Lactose Many ‘ ‘: Polysaccharide: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

Question 33

What is the test for Monosaccharides and Disaccharides?

Answer 33

Benedict’s Solution

Question 34

What is the test for polysaccharides?

Answer 34

Iodine

Question 35

How are Monomers bound together?

Answer 35

A reaction called Dehydration Synthesis

Question 36

Lipids

Answer 36

Energy Source Structure (Membranes) Communication Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen Ex. Oils, waxes, lard

Question 37

Lipid Subunits

Answer 37

Glycerol | Fatty Acids

Question 38

Are Lipids Saturated or Unsaturated?

Answer 38

Either. Saturated: Every Carbon has maximum Hydrogen Unsaturated: Less Carbon - double bonds

Question 39

What are Lipid Polymers?

Answer 39

Triglycerides Phospholipids

Question 40

Nucleic Acids

Answer 40

How biological info is coded 2 Types DNA - double stranded RNA - ribonucleic acid - single stranded

Question 41

What are the Nucleic acid subunits?

Answer 41

Nucleotides

Question 41

What are the bases in Nucleic acids?

Answer 41

A,T,G or C in DNA A,U,G or C in RNA

Question 43

Proteins

Answer 43

Structure (Actin, Myosin) Communication (Insulin) Transport Reaction Catalysts (enzymes)

Question 44

What is the order of Protein ~synthesis ~

Answer 44

DNA —> RNA —> Amino Acids —> Proteins

Question 47

What are the protein subunits?

Answer 47

Amino Acids (aka peptides)

Question 48

Proteins =

Answer 48

Polypeptides

Question 49

The four layers of protein structure

Answer 49

Primary - Amino acid sequence/chain Secondary - a (alpha) helixes and B (beta) sheets Tertiary - 3-D shape Quaternary - 2+ polypeptides stuck together

Question 50

What is the test for Proteins?

Answer 50

Biuret Solution

Question 51

Proteins have ______ structure

Answer 51

aa structure - with an R group

Question 52

An amino acid chain is a protein’s _________

Answer 52

Primary Structure

Question 53

Peptide bonds that form between amino acids are made through ______

Answer 53

Dehydration Synthesis

Question 54

Protein’s secondary structure is caused by ________

Answer 54

Hydrogen Bonding

Question 55

Protein Tertiary structure is what?

Answer 55

A special 3-D shape the polypeptide makes, it is caused by atoms on the R groups Hydrogen Bonding Disulfide Bridges

Question 56

How does Quaternary Structure happen?

Answer 56

When many Polypeptides group together

Question 57

The function of enzymes depends on what?

Answer 57

The proper folding of the polypeptide

Question 58

What are Enzymes?

Answer 58

Proteins that catalyse reactions They don’t get used up Can be reused Reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction

Question 59

Lock and Key Enzyme model

Answer 59

The Substrate fits the enzyme exactly at the Active Site

Question 60

Induced Fit Enzyme model

Answer 60

The Active Site changes to fit the Substrate

Question 61

Enzymes are always _________ ________, they will only work with _______ __________

Answer 61

Enzymes are always SUBSTRATE SPECIFIC, they will only work with CERTAIN SUBSTRATES

Question 62

What happens if enzymes change shapes?

Answer 62

They won’t work

Question 63

Denaturation

Answer 63

Temporary change in shape (change in pH of environment, small temperature change)

Question 64

Coagulation

Answer 64

Permanent change (big environment change ex. cooking an egg)

Question 65

Enzymes are proteins which start off as a what?

Answer 65

An Amino Acid chain

Question 66

What do the R groups in enzymes do?

Answer 66

They influence protein folding and function

Question 67

The 3-D shape (________ _________) impacts the ______ ____ of the ______ (where it binds to the substrate)

Answer 67

The 3-D shape (TERTIARY STRUCTURE) impacts the ACTIVE SITE of the ENZYME (where it binds to the substrate)

Question 68

What is it called when an enzyme and the active site are bonded together?

Answer 68

The Enzyme Substrate Complex

Question 69

What will improve enzyme function?

Answer 69

More substrate A little more energy (heat) Ideal conditions Cofactors and co - enzymes These all improve the fit of the substrate at the active site

Question 70

What are Cofactors?

Answer 70

Non-protein based eg. Iron or Zinc

Question 71

What are Co-Enzymes?

Answer 71

Protein based vitamins

Question 72

What do Cofactors and Co-Enzymes do?

Answer 72

They can bind at the active site or at an allosteric site, to increase enzyme function

Question 73

What is an Allosteric site?

Answer 73

A site not the Active site, that changes the active site to increase enzyme function

Question 74

What will impede enzyme function?

Answer 74

``` Decreased substrate concentration Low energy availability Too much energy (heat) = coagulation Non-Ideal conditions ex. (pH change) = denaturation Inhibitors ```

Question 75

What are Competitive Inhibitors?

Answer 75

They bind at the active site and stop the binding of substrates (They dont’t stop all activity just slows it down)

Question 76

What are Allosteric Inhibtors?

Answer 76

They change the shape of the active site

Question 77

Regulation of Enzymes

Answer 77

Enzymes participate in METABOLIC PATHWAYS, which are series of reactions in an organism. We control the speed or frequency of reactions with on/of switches E1. E2. E3 A ———> B ———> C ———> D Reactant \ / Product Intermediates

Question 78

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 78

A PRODUCT (or intermediate) acts to as an inhibitor, on an earlier step Ex. Product D stops enzyme 1 from working E1. E2. E3 A ———> B ———> C ———> D Reactant \ / Product Intermediates

Question 79

Precursor Activity

Answer 79

A reactant is needed to activate (turn on) a latter enzyme Ex. Reactant A is needed to make Enzyme 2 work E1. E2. E3 A ———> B ———> C ———> D Reactant \ / Product Intermediates

Question 80

What is the formula for calculating energy?

Answer 80

Q=mc🔺t —————— 1000