Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit One Grade 11 Biology - Biomolecules and Energetics > Biomolecules and Enzymes > Flashcards

Biomolecules and Enzymes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four things all living things must do?

A

Obtain Materials and metabolism energy molecules
Build and Organise
Respond to the Environment
Reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

(Smooth and Rough)

(Squiggles)

A

Smooth: makes fats
Rough: makes proteins with ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Centre circle

A

Stores information and (DNA) instructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the Nucleolus? (Inside the Nucleus)

Circle inside centre circle

A

It makes ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondrion?

Oval , squiggly membrane inside

A

Makes cell energy (ATP) with Cellular Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the Vacuoles?

Small circles - multiple

A

For storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the Lysosome?

Circle with spots

A

Contains enzymes for ‘digestion’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the Centriole?

hashtag

A

For reproduction (mitosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

Spikes on the membrane

A

Support and transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Body?

What is one Golgi body called?

(Stacked blob things)

A

Transport

A Vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the Membrane?

A

To mean rain the shape of the cell and to protect it?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the characteristics of a Prokaryote?

A

No Nucleus (nucleotide region)
No plasmids
No membrane bound organelles

They do have a cell wall make of CARBS and FAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plants are …

A

Eukaryotic

Cell wall (carbs) 
One large vacuole
No Centrioles
Chloroplasts: capture light energy for PHOTOSYNTHESIS 
Chromoplasts: for Pigment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of a membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer made of:

Phosphate (polar): Hydrophilic
Fatty Acids (non-polar): Hydrophpbic
Protein Channels
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol

It’s called the ‘Fluid Mosaic Model’
Flexible
Phospholipids move
Many types of components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Membrane Transport often relies on __________

A

Concentration gradients

Which exists if there is an uneven distribution of entities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If there is a gradient, what will materials do?

A

They will move to get rid of the gradient and reach equilibrium (balance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Simple Diffusion?

Free ‘Passive’ Transport

A

Movement of entities down the gradient through the phospholipids (small and non-polar)

(High-Low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Free ‘Passive’ Transport

A

Movement of entities down a gradient through protein (small, polar)

(It has to be small enough to fit through a protein)
(Carriers or channel)

(High-Low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Protein Pumps?

Needs Energy ‘Active’ Transport

A 
Movement of entities up the gradient
Requires energy (ATP)

(Low-High)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Vesicle Transport?

A

Endocytosis (in)
Exocytosis (out)

Receptor mediated (protein signal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The movement of water

Needs Aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does water move towards during Osmosis?

A

Solute

High water conc. - Low water conc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If a me,brand is permeable, why will water and solutes move?

A

To create Equilibrium on either side of a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are molecules?

A

Entities made of atoms held together by COVALENT bonds (shared electron pairs)

Ex. H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

MACROmolecules are _____

A

Large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are Organic Molecules?

A

Carbon Based
They also typically contain H, O
Sometimes N&P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the four Biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the subunits of biomolecules?

A

Monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are multiple monomers?

A

Polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
Energy molecules (glucose, sucrose, starch)
Cell to cell bonding, interaction / communication
Structure (cellulose, lignin, chitin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What shapes are Carbohydrates?

A

⚫️____⚫️
Ring Shapes. / . H
⚫️ C⚫️ l
\ /. O H
⚫️ ____ ⚫️

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the Carbohydrate subunits?

A

1 Subunit: Monosaccharide: Glucose or Fructose
2 Subunits: Disaccharide: Sucrose, Lactose

Many ‘ ‘: Polysaccharide: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

33
Q

What is the test for Monosaccharides and Disaccharides?

A

Benedict’s Solution

34
Q

What is the test for polysaccharides?

A

Iodine

35
Q

How are Monomers bound together?

A

A reaction called Dehydration Synthesis

36
Q

Lipids

A

Energy Source
Structure (Membranes)
Communication
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Estrogen

Ex. Oils, waxes, lard

37
Q

Lipid Subunits

A

Glycerol

Fatty Acids

38
Q

Are Lipids Saturated or Unsaturated?

A

Either.

Saturated: Every Carbon has maximum Hydrogen
Unsaturated: Less Carbon - double bonds

39
Q

What are Lipid Polymers?

A

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

40
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

How biological info is coded

2 Types
DNA - double stranded
RNA - ribonucleic acid - single stranded

41
Q

What are the Nucleic acid subunits?

A

Nucleotides

41
Q

What are the bases in Nucleic acids?

A

A,T,G or C in DNA

A,U,G or C in RNA

43
Q

Proteins

A

Structure (Actin, Myosin)
Communication (Insulin)
Transport
Reaction Catalysts (enzymes)

44
Q

What is the order of Protein ~synthesis ~

A

DNA —> RNA —> Amino Acids —> Proteins

47
Q

What are the protein subunits?

A

Amino Acids (aka peptides)

48
Q

Proteins =

A

Polypeptides

49
Q

The four layers of protein structure

A

Primary - Amino acid sequence/chain
Secondary - a (alpha) helixes and B (beta) sheets
Tertiary - 3-D shape
Quaternary - 2+ polypeptides stuck together

50
Q

What is the test for Proteins?

A

Biuret Solution

51
Q

Proteins have ______ structure

A

aa structure - with an R group

52
Q

An amino acid chain is a protein’s _________

A

Primary Structure

53
Q

Peptide bonds that form between amino acids are made through ______

A

Dehydration Synthesis

54
Q

Protein’s secondary structure is caused by ________

A

Hydrogen Bonding

55
Q

Protein Tertiary structure is what?

A

A special 3-D shape the polypeptide makes, it is caused by atoms on the R groups

Hydrogen Bonding
Disulfide Bridges

56
Q

How does Quaternary Structure happen?

A

When many Polypeptides group together

57
Q

The function of enzymes depends on what?

A

The proper folding of the polypeptide

58
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Proteins that catalyse reactions
They don’t get used up
Can be reused
Reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction

59
Q

Lock and Key Enzyme model

A

The Substrate fits the enzyme exactly at the Active Site

60
Q

Induced Fit Enzyme model

A

The Active Site changes to fit the Substrate

61
Q

Enzymes are always _________ ________, they will only work with _______ __________

A

Enzymes are always SUBSTRATE SPECIFIC, they will only work with CERTAIN SUBSTRATES

62
Q

What happens if enzymes change shapes?

A

They won’t work

63
Q

Denaturation

A

Temporary change in shape (change in pH of environment, small temperature change)

64
Q

Coagulation

A

Permanent change (big environment change ex. cooking an egg)

65
Q

Enzymes are proteins which start off as a what?

A

An Amino Acid chain

66
Q

What do the R groups in enzymes do?

A

They influence protein folding and function

67
Q

The 3-D shape (________ _________) impacts the ______ ____ of the ______ (where it binds to the substrate)

A

The 3-D shape (TERTIARY STRUCTURE) impacts the ACTIVE SITE of the ENZYME (where it binds to the substrate)

68
Q

What is it called when an enzyme and the active site are bonded together?

A

The Enzyme Substrate Complex

69
Q

What will improve enzyme function?

A

More substrate
A little more energy (heat)
Ideal conditions
Cofactors and co - enzymes

These all improve the fit of the substrate at the active site

70
Q

What are Cofactors?

A

Non-protein based eg. Iron or Zinc

71
Q

What are Co-Enzymes?

A

Protein based vitamins

72
Q

What do Cofactors and Co-Enzymes do?

A

They can bind at the active site or at an allosteric site, to increase enzyme function

73
Q

What is an Allosteric site?

A

A site not the Active site, that changes the active site to increase enzyme function

74
Q

What will impede enzyme function?

A 
Decreased substrate concentration
Low energy availability 
Too much energy (heat) = coagulation 
Non-Ideal conditions ex. (pH change) = denaturation 
Inhibitors
75
Q

What are Competitive Inhibitors?

A

They bind at the active site and stop the binding of substrates

(They dont’t stop all activity just slows it down)

76
Q

What are Allosteric Inhibtors?

A

They change the shape of the active site

77
Q

Regulation of Enzymes

A

Enzymes participate in METABOLIC PATHWAYS, which are series of reactions in an organism. We control the speed or frequency of reactions with on/of switches

            E1.           E2.              E3
   A ———> B ———> C ———> D Reactant          \                 /               Product
                  Intermediates
78
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

A PRODUCT (or intermediate) acts to as an inhibitor, on an earlier step

Ex. Product D stops enzyme 1 from working

           E1.           E2.              E3
   A ———> B ———> C ———> D Reactant          \                 /               Product
                  Intermediates
79
Q

Precursor Activity

A

A reactant is needed to activate (turn on) a latter enzyme

Ex. Reactant A is needed to make Enzyme 2 work

            E1.           E2.              E3
   A ———> B ———> C ———> D Reactant          \                 /               Product
                  Intermediates
80
Q

What is the formula for calculating energy?

A

Q=mc🔺t
——————
1000

Unit One Grade 11 Biology - Biomolecules and Energetics (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions