Cellular Respiration

Question 1

What is Cellular Respiraton?

Answer 1

An Exergonic (energy releasing) reaction that breaks down glucose
The reaction is Catabolic because a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules

C6 H12 O6 + O2 ——> CO2 + H2O
I. I
Bigger molecule more. Smaller molecules fewer bonds
bonds stores more energy. Contain less energy

Question 2

What is the purpose of Cell Respiration?

Answer 2

The oxidation of glucose (removal of bonds, e- to release Energy)

Question 3

What type of respiration do Multicellular Organisms do?

Answer 3

Aerobic Cellular Respiration (w/ O2 (g)) will result in the complete oxidation of glucose, this will make a net 36 ATP

Question 4

What type of respiration do Unicellular organisms do? (And SOMETIMES Multi Cellular organisms)

Answer 4

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration (no O2 (g)), only partially oxidises glucose, this makes a net of 2ATP

This reaction must be followed by fermentation

Question 5

What are the energy carrier molecules used in Cell Respiration?

Answer 5

NAD+. ——> NADH. FAD ——> FADH2
(oxidised) (Reduced). (oxidised). (reduced)

(NADH & FADH2) - give their e- & Energy to ADP to make ATP

Question 6

Cellular Respiration is meant to _______ the ______ present in the bonds of _______, & use that energy to make a more accessible type of energy for _____ to use (___)

Answer 6

Cellular Respiration is meant to RELEASE the ENERGY present in the bonds of GLUCOSE, & use that energy to make a more accessible type of energy for CELLS to use (ATP)

Question 7

Glycolysis

Answer 7

Stage one of Cellular Respiration

All organisms do Glycolysis, no special organelles are needed (happens in cytosol)
Glycolysis is the splitting of Glucose

Requires an initial investment of Energy

Net 2ATP are made from it - the only source of Energy in Anaerobic respiration

Question 8

Stage One of Glycolysis (Stage one of all Cell Resp.)

Answer 8

Glycolysis

Activation energy (investment)

2ATP ——> 2ADP

Two Pyruvate molecules are made form this process

Question 9

Stage Two of Glycolysis (Stage one of all Cell Resp.)

Answer 9

Glucose is oxidised by NAD+. NAD+ takes e- (gets reduced) & hydrogen off the glucose molecule NADH has energy that can be released later

Question 10

Stage Three of Glycolysis (Stage one of all Cell Resp.)

Answer 10

As glucose is oxidised, the Energy released can be used to reduced ADP to ATP. 4 ATP are made.

Question 11

For _________ ___________ and ___________ life… a second reaction is used to make ____ (so __________ can continue) : ____________

Answer 11

For ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION and UNICELLULAR life… a second reaction is used to make NAD+ (so GLYCOLYSIS can continue) FERMENTATION

Question 12

What does Fermentation do?

Answer 12

Manufactors byproducts (*Ethanol/CO2 or Lactic acid) in the oxidation of NADH ——> NAD+

alcohol fermentation

The second stage of Cell Resp. If no oxygen is present

Question 13

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 13

Net 2ATP
(No O2, so we can’t fully oxidised glucose)
2 stages
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Unicellular or Multicellular (short term)
Cytosol

Question 14

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 14

Net 36ATP
(Has O2, so glucose can be fully oxidised)
Requires mitochondria
Multicellular (eukaryotes)
4 stages
    Glycolysis
    Pyruvate Oxidation
    Krebs Cycle
    ETC

Question 15

Parts of the Mitochondrion

Answer 15

Outer membrane
Inner membrane (embedded w/ proteins for the ETC & Chemiosmosis)
Inter membrane space (full of H+ ions)
Matrix (protein - enzyme - rich fluid)
Location of Pyruvate oxidation & Krebs cycle

Folds are cristae

Question 16

Stage one of Pyruvate Oxidation (Stage two of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 16

Pyruvate is oxidised (e- removed) w/ the help of enzymes in the mitochondria, matrix - pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. A waste CO2 molecule is removed

Question 17

Stage two of Pyruvate Oxidation (Stage two of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 17

The carbons are further oxidised by NAD+ (which gets reduced to form NADH, an energy carrier that moves on to the ETC)

Question 18

Stage three of Pyruvate Oxidation (Stage two of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 18

Co-enzyme A grabs & stabilizes the remaining carbon (acetyl) yo transport them to the next stage to be further oxidised

Question 19

How many times does Pyruvate Oxidation happen per glucose?

Answer 19

Twice per glucose

Question 20

The Krebs Cycle

Answer 20

Also in the Mitochondrial Matrix
Happens 2x for every 1 glucose
Purpose is to make more ENERGY CARRIERS by oxidizing carbon compounds that will move on to the ETC

Question 21

Stage one of The Krebs cycle (Stage three of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 21

Acetyl is fixed to Oxaloacetate forming citrate, these carbons will be removed eventually as CO2

Question 22

Stage two of The Krebs cycle (Stage three of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 22

Carbons are oxidised, energy carriers are reduced we make 3NADH, 1FADH2 which go to the ETC. One ATP is made directly

Question 23

Stage three of The Krebs cycle (Stage three of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 23

Regenerate Oxaloacetate to continue the cycle

Question 24

Stage one of The ETC (Stage three of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 24

The Electrons Transport Chain

Nearly all of the ATP produced are made here through Chemiosmosis (32 ish)

Question 25

Stage two of The ETC (Stage three of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 25

Uses the proteins embedded in the inner mit. membrane to complete a series of redox rections

Question 26

Stage three of The ETC (Stage three of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 26

Energy released in the redox rxns is used to pump H+ into the IM space & build up a gradient

Question 27

Stage four of The ETC (Stage three of aerobic Cell Resp.)

Answer 27

H+ escapes (back to the matrix) through ATP synthase. This down-gradient flow relases energy used to reduced ADP and make ATP

Question 28

The ETC

Answer 28

Different e- carriers have different energies NADH has enough energy to make 3ATP. FADH2 has energy to make 2ATP

Question 29

Krebs Net

Answer 29

2ATP (Direct)
3(6 NADH) = 18 ATP (ETC)
2(2 FADH2) = 4 ATP (ETC)

ETC… also makes H2O