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CSI (3rd year) > photography > Flashcards

photography Flashcards

1
Q

what are scene photos

A
  • general photos taken of the scene prior to processing
  • as found by the forensic unit upon arrival
  • painting a picture as found
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2
Q

what are exhibit photos

A
  • specific set of photos of an exhibit/ object/piece of evidence
  • consists of a series of 4 photos, a defined process
  • area where exhibit/ evidence should be in scene photos
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3
Q

do you need to be a professional photographer to be a crime scene photographer

A
  • no
  • but do need to be competent
  • should have formal training (for court purposes)
  • understand the criteria for photographs being admissible in court
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4
Q

what is the correct camera technique

A
  • right hand hold camera body by right side/ grip
  • left hand holds/ supports barrel of the lens from underneath
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5
Q

what should you verify before you start taking photos

A
  • is the scene safe to photo
  • what PPE precautions do you need to take
  • do you have lawful authority to be there
  • what type of scene is it
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6
Q

what do crime scene photos try to capture

A
  • many diff directions and angles
  • show layout of scene, spatial relationships between items
  • capture the position of the evidence
  • can document perspecctive of any known/ potential witnesses
  • record the area in which the crime took place and all secondary scenes
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7
Q

what logical succession should photos be taken in

A

general to specific

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8
Q

photos of a street, field, house etc are an example of what

A

overall

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9
Q

what four photographs are required for a specific item

A
  • overall
  • midrange
  • closeup
  • closeup w scale
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10
Q

what is the typical camera used for CS photos

A

digital single lens reflex (DSLR)

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11
Q

what is a digital photo

A
  • made when a light sensitive microchip (sensor) captures light on pixels
  • light is recorded on each pixel as a specific electric charge which is read by the camera as image info which is stored as a file on a memory card
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12
Q

what does CCD stand for

A

charge coupled device

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13
Q

what is CCD

A
  • digital equivalent of film
  • contains millions of silicon photo sensors
  • each photo sensor is a pixel
  • image passes through lens and is focused onto CCD
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14
Q

what is exposure

A

amount of light

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15
Q

what is exposure controlled by

A

shutter speed/ aperature

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16
Q

what is JPEG stand for

A

Joint Photographic Experts Group

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17
Q

what is the jpeg format

A
  • most common
  • you lose some quality each time you open/ close file
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18
Q

what does TIFF stand for

A

tagged image file format

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19
Q

what is the TIFF format

A
  • high quality
  • large files
  • lossless compression
  • useful when opening/ saving file repeatedly
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20
Q

what is the proprietary format

A

RAW

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21
Q

describe the RAW format

A
  • nikon has their own format, and so does cannon
  • stores the highest quality image
  • has been called the digital “negative”
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22
Q

what is exposure

A

the amount of light that reaches the camera sensor (CCD)

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23
Q

what does this describe the amount of light that reaches the camera sensor (CCD)

A

exposure

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24
Q

what does an overexposed photo look like

A

too much light (very light photo)

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25
Q

what does an underexposed photo look like

A

too little light (dark photo)

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26
Q

what are the camera ssettings that affect the exposure of an image

A
  1. aperture
  2. shutter speed
  3. camera ISO
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27
Q

what is the aperture

A

the size of the opening in the camera lens through which light passes

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28
Q

the bigger the opening of a camera lens, the ______

A

more light passes through

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29
Q

how is the aperture stated/ written

A

an f-number or f-stop

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29
Q

does F4 or F32 let in more light

A
  • F4 most light
  • F32 less
  • think of it like a fraction (bigger F-stop means smaller fraction so less light)
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30
Q

when you move from one f-stop to the next, what happens

A
  • you are either doubling or halving the amount of light that is captured
  • F8 to F11 (half the light)
  • F22 to F16 (double the light)
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30
Q

what is the shutter speed

A

the length of time the camera shutter stays open, exposing light onto the camera sensor

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30
Q

what does this define the length of time the camera shutter stays open

A

shutter speed

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30
Q

the faster the shutter speed, the _____ (shorter/longer) the time the image sensor is exposed to light

A

shorter

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31
Q

the slower the shutter speed, the _____ (shorter/longer) the image is exposed to light

A

longer

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32
Q

how is shutter speed typically noted

A

as fraction of a second (1/500, 1/250, 1/30 etc)

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33
Q

what is the longest shutter time setting on a DSLR camera

A

30 seconds

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34
Q

any time over _________ of a second for shutter speed can introduce a camera shake

A

1/60

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35
Q

what is ASA/ISO

A

a numerical rating that describes the sensitivity to light of CCD/film

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36
Q

what does this define a numerical rating that describes the sensitivity to light of CCD/film

A

ASA/ISO

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37
Q

true or false ASA/ISO affects the amount of light entering the camera

A

false

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38
Q

how does ASA/ISO affect the exposure of a photo

A

brightens a photo after the sensor has been exposed to light

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39
Q

what are the typical ranges of ASA/ISO

A

100-3200 (but can go higher or lower)

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40
Q

what happens when tou raise the ASA/ISO number

A
  • picture gets brighter
  • also gets grainier
41
Q

when you increase the ASA/ISO, you are ______ (increasing/decreasing) the sensitivity to light

A

increasing

42
Q

when you decrease the ASA/ISO, you are ______ (increasing/decreasing) the sensitivity to light

A

decreasing

43
Q

each incriment of ASA/ISO does what to the sensitivity to light

A

doubles (when increasing) or halves (when decreasing)

44
Q

what is the depth of field

A

the distance between the closest and farthest objects in a photo that appear acceptably sharp

45
Q

what does this describe the distance between the closest and farthest objects in a photo that appear acceptably sharp

A

depth of field

46
Q

what camera setting controls the depth of field

A

aperture (f stop)

47
Q

do we want a high or low depth of field

A

high

48
Q

what can affect the depth of field

A
  • distance from the subject to the camera
  • focal length of the lens
  • (also aperture)
49
Q

A lens with a long local length produces a ______ (shallow/deep) depth of field

A

shallow

50
Q

A lens with a short local length produces a ______ (shallow/deep) depth of field

A

deep

51
Q

how is the focal length determined

A

determined when the lens is focused at infinity

52
Q

what does lens focal length tell us

A
  • angle of view how much of the scene will be captured
  • magnification how large individual elements will be
53
Q

the longer the focal length, the _____ (narrower/wider) the angle of view and the _____ (higher/lower) the magnification

A
  • narrower
  • higher
54
Q

the shorter the focal length, the _____ (narrower/wider) the angle of view and the _____ (lower/higher) the magnification

A
  • wider
  • lower
55
Q

what does TTL stand for

A

through the lens

56
Q

what is TTL

A
  • a mode on the camera
  • it does a pre-flash which reflects light back through the lens
  • this is measured and the value is used to calculate the amount of light needed for the actual exposure
  • not visible to human eye
57
Q

what are diff flash techniques

A
  • direct
  • feathered
  • fill in
  • bounce
  • oblique
  • multiple (on camera)
  • multiple (off camera)
58
Q

describe direct flash

A
  • flash is pointed directly at the subject/ item you want to photograph
  • flash is mounted on top of the camera on the hot shoe
59
Q

describe feathered flash

A
  • flash is off camera held above the lens
  • it’s pointed into the scene where you want the light to go
  • usually pointed downwards about 2/3 of the way
60
Q

describe fill in flash

A
  • camera reads the overall brightness when calculating the exposure
  • items iin shadow areas will not be clearly visible
  • point flash in direction of shadow areas to raise the brightness level in shadow area
61
Q

when is fill-in flash used

A

on bright, sunny days

62
Q

when is bounce flash used

A

used for less contrast, softer lighting and reducing the intensity of the light

63
Q

describe how you use bounce flash

A
  • the flash head is typically set to a 45 degree angle
  • the surface the flash is directed at should be clear of obstructions and lighter (if possible)
64
Q

when is oblique flash used

A
  • when photographing impression evidence (fingerprints, footwear)
  • used to show detail by creating shadows on the surface of the evidence
65
Q

describe how you use oblique flash

A
  • flash is connected to a flash sync cord and held at an angle to the subject being photographed
  • various angles can be use
66
Q

describe how you do multiple flash (on camera)

A
  • camera mounted on tripod
  • flash is activated manually
  • longer exposure time is required to activate flash several times
67
Q

when is multiple flash (on camera) typically used

A

for low light/ no light scenes

68
Q

what is the “painting by light” method’s actual name

A

multiple flash (off camera)

69
Q

when is multiple flash (off camera) typically used

A

for large outdoor scenes at night w little ambient light

70
Q

describe how you do multiple flash (off camera)

A
  • camera on tripod
  • long exposure time
  • may use “bulb” setting
  • may use portable flash unit
71
Q

what is ring flash

A
  • a circular flash that fits around a camera lens
  • allows light to spread out eveninly over area being photographed
72
Q

when do you typically use ring flash

A
  • very good for macro (close-up) photography
  • often used at autopsies
73
Q

how do you photograph impression evidence

A
  • usually requires oblique lighting
  • close-up photos capture fine details
  • usually needs flash
  • may need a tripod for stability
  • camera and impression need to be on the same plane
74
Q

describe how to take photos of footwear

A
  • 2 photos: w and w/o scale
  • both with oblique lighting
  • scale must be at same level/depth as impression
75
Q

describe how to take photos of fingerprints

A
  • oblique lighting (flash or flashlight)
  • tripod may be needed
  • fill the frame
  • macro lens allows you to focus extremely close
76
Q

describe how to take tire track photos

A
  • try to capture as much rotation of the tire as possible
  • consider enhancement techniques
  • width is as important as pattern
77
Q

describe how to photograph assault victims

A
  • be considerate
  • act professional
  • maintain their privacy and dignity at all times
78
Q

describe how to take bite mark photos

A
  • proper orientation
  • small depth of field
  • ISO set at a “slow” film speed 100
79
Q

describe how to photograph vehicles

A
  • start with exterior
  • include everything
  • then interior
  • start w drivers area from each side w doors open
  • all elements in front, then move to back
  • after processing the vehicle, beofre seizing the evidence, photograph the exhibits to be seized (DNA, fingerprints, clothing etc ) w 4 photos
80
Q

should CS videos be narrated

A

no!

81
Q

what is completed at large scenes to tie parts of a scene together

A

video

82
Q

how many photos should you take at a CS

A

as many as you need (better too many than too few)

83
Q

why is it important to capture the scene before anything is moved

A

cause once things are moved, you can’t them back to be photographed again

84
Q

what guides you to decide the technique and camera settings to use

A

the conditions of the scene

85
Q

what should you ask yourself before you start to photo a scene

A
  1. What is the purpose of photographing this scene?
  2. Does the object show or have any relationship to the overall scene?
  3. Does the object have any relationship to other items?
  4. Will it be properly exposed?
  5. Will there be any reflections off windows or mirrors that will
    washout the photograph?
  6. Will the photograph be explainable/useful in court to a jury?
  7. Is the correct equipment being used for the scene?
86
Q

what is necessary for the CCD to capture detail in all parts of a scene, including highlight areas and shadows

A

correct exposures

87
Q

use a tripod if the shutter speed is longer than _____ of a second in length

A

1/60th

88
Q

how to keep photos in sharp focus

A
  • keep camera steady (tripod if necessary)
  • focus carefully
  • use max depth of field
89
Q

how to take outside of the scene photos

A
  • used to establish the location of the scene
  • use identifiers that are available (street sign, landmark etc)
  • can be done via overhead/arial shots w drones
  • exterior photos should include all means of entrance/exit (doors/windows)
90
Q

what are the diff kinds of overall scene photos

A
  • outside of the scene
  • inside of the scene
91
Q

describe inside of the scene photos

A
  • taken so others can visualize the scene
  • start w the view of the entrance
  • take 4 corner photos of each room
92
Q

what are 4-corner photos

A

take a photograph from each corner of the room to show its’ layout

93
Q

does an overall photo distinguish an item from other items

A

not necessarily

94
Q

does a midrange photo distinguish an item from other items

A
  • differentiates similar looking pieces of evidence
  • should draw attention to only one particular piece of evidence
95
Q

does a close-up photo distinguish an item from other items

A

should be of only one item

96
Q

Close-up photographs that may be used for comparison purposes should be taken with what

A

the camera mounted on a tripod

97
Q

describe how you take close up photos for comparison purposes

A
  • taken w camera mounted on a tripod
  • camera must be put into position where the CCD plane is parallel to the surface to be photod
  • make sure a ruler and label are included in each photo to use for comparison purposes
  • label may include info on exhibit #, date, name and badge#, space for direction arrow
98
Q

can further photos be taken at the forensic unit

A

yes

99
Q

what are examples of follow-up photos that might be taken at forensic unit

A

contents of pockets or hidden aspects of clothing and backpack that weren’t visible at the scene

100
Q

what are key points to remember sbout photographing

A
  • start from outside and work your way in
  • photos must be correctly exposed w max depth of field
  • be free from distortion
  • be in focus
  • for death scenes, the surface below the body should be photod once the body has been removed
101
Q

what are the three major points of qualification of a photo in court

A
  1. Photo contents must be relevant to the point in issue
  2. The photograph must not be prejudicial (autopsy)to the court or jury
  3. The photograph must be free from distortion and not misrepresent what it purports to show
102
Q

do you need to be an expert in photography yo take CS photos and testify about them

A

no

103
Q

what is the difference between photo enhancement and manipulation

A
  • enhancement to improve the value or quality of a photo
  • involves the use of a software program, all steps can be tracked
  • “use, don’t abuse”
  • manipulation to change the photo so it serves one’s own means or purpose
  • manipulated images are not allowed in court as evidence
104
Q
A

CSI (3rd year) (14 decks)

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