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CSI (3rd year) > Firearm & Toolmark Investigations > Flashcards

Firearm & Toolmark Investigations Flashcards

1
Q

From 2009 to 2019, criminal use of firearms increased by how much

A

81%

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2
Q

In 2020 there were _____ homicides involving a firearm

A

277

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3
Q

In 2020, _____% of homicides involved a firearm

A

37.2

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4
Q

describe the lindsay shooting in 2015

A
  • Male suspect hanging around outside apartment building asked to leave area
  • As he is leaving, pulls out a gun and shoots building superintendent two times
  • Runs away from scene
  • Witness sees suspect throw gun in river
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5
Q

true/false drug crimes cover only illegal drugs

A
  • false
  • Covers both legal (prescription) and illegal drugs
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6
Q

whata re the most commonly used illegal drugs in canada

A
  • MDMA (Molly,Esctasy,E)
  • Marijuana
  • Acid (LSD)
  • Methamphetamines
  • Cocaine
  • Speed (Crystal Meth)
  • Heroine
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7
Q

what is fentanyl

A
  • A synthetic opiate narcotic
  • Requires a prescription (normally prescribed to people in severe pain)
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8
Q

what illegal drug has a growing abuse crisis in canada and beyond right now

A

fentanyl

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9
Q

why do we wear PPE when around fentanyl

A
  • Extremely potent
  • The lethal dose of pure fentanyl for a non-opiate user is 2mg (32 grains of salt/ 7 poppy seeds)
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10
Q

what is the lethal dose of pure carfentanil

A
  • 20mcg
  • about 1 grain of salt
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11
Q

what drug can temporarily reverse the effects of an opioid overdose

A

naloxone

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12
Q

what is naloxone

A
  • A drug that can temporarily reverse the effects of an opioid overdose
  • Typically, a nasal spray
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13
Q

precautions should be taken by who, as they could receive exhibits submitted for analysis that contain traces of fentanyl

A

the CFS

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14
Q

all drug seizures should be done by who

A

drug unit members

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15
Q

true/false seized drugs are stores at forensic units

A

false

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16
Q

true/false scene work tends to be more documentary in nature with drug scene investigations

A

true

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17
Q

when will exhibit processing occur with drug scene investigations

A

may happen after the fact

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18
Q

why is health and safety so important at scenes

A

Some chemicals and labs are quite toxic and unstable

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of firearsm

A
  • handguns
  • long guns
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20
Q

what are the 2 main types of handguns

A
  • pistol
  • revolver
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21
Q

what is a pistol

A

Handgun with a single barrel and chamber

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22
Q

how does a pistol fire

A
  • Fires a chambered round
  • Extracts and ejects the empty casing
  • Loads a new round into the chamber with each trigger pull
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23
Q

what is a revolver

A

Handgun with a cylinder that has multiple chambers

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24
Q

how does a revolver fire

A
  • When trigger is pulled, cylinder rotates around a central pin to align the next chamber with the firing pin
  • Fires one bullet per trigger pull
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25
Q

what is single action

A
  • the hammer must be cocked manually and then the trigger pulled to fire the gun
  • Must be done each time
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26
Q

what is double action

A
  • can be fired with one pull of the trigger
  • This cocks and drops the hammer with the pull of the trigger
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27
Q

what are the 2 kinds of long guns

A
  • shotguns
  • rifles
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28
Q

what are the differences between shotguns and rifles

A
  • the ammunition
  • the barrel
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29
Q

what do shotguns fire, and what do rifles life

A
  • shotgun shell
  • rifle bullet
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30
Q

what is a shell

A

contains numerous ball shaped projectiles called shot

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31
Q

what are the differences between the barrel of shotguns ans rifles

A
  • shotgun Barrel is smooth
  • rifle has grooves and lands
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32
Q

where is rifling found

A

in the barrels of rifles and hanguns

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33
Q

what is rifling

A

A manufacturing process that creates lands and grooves in a spiral down the length of the barrel

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34
Q

true/false Shotguns projectiles spin as it travels the length of the barrel

A

false

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35
Q

true/false The shotgun shell contains the projectile

A

true

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36
Q

Shotguns are referred to by what

A

their gauge

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37
Q

what is a gauge

A

the measurement of the barrel’s inside diameter

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38
Q

the smaller the gauge, the ______ (smaller/larger) the diameter

A

larger

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39
Q

the larger the gauge, the ______ (smaller/larger) the diameter

A

smaller

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40
Q

are shotguns single or double barrelled

A

may be either

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41
Q

what are 3 types of shotguns

A
  • repeating
  • semi automatic
  • break open action
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42
Q

what do repeating shotguns have

A
  • have a mechanical instrument to eject spent shot shell
  • load a new round and cock the hammer after the round is fired
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43
Q

what are semi-automatic shotguns

A

use the force of the gas produced during firing to eject the spent cartridge, load a new round and cock the hammer

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44
Q

what are break open action shotguns

A
  • must be loaded each time before it is fired
  • trigger needs to be pulled each time to fire the gun
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45
Q

true/false bolt shotguns are commonly found at crime scenes

A

false

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46
Q

what are different types of shotgun actions

A
  • pump action
  • bolt
  • lever
  • semi automatic
47
Q

what are double barreled shotguns

A

ones with two barrels

48
Q

what are some different styles of rifles

A
  • pump
  • bolt
  • lever action
  • semi automatic
49
Q

how do semi automatic rifles work

A

use the force of the gas produced during firing to eject the spent cartridge, load a new round and cock the hammer

50
Q

what does it mean when its stated that rifles are repeating

A

they have a mechanical instrument to eject spent cartridge, load a new round and cock the hammer after the round is fired

51
Q

what are 3 diff kinds of projectiles

A
  • bullets (for rifles + handguns)
  • shotgun shells
  • shotgun slugs
52
Q

Live ammunition is referred to as what

A

a “cartridge”

53
Q

true/false a “cartridge” has been fired

A
  • false
  • if its called cartridge, then it hasn’t been fired yet
54
Q

When a weapon has been fired, what might be recovered

A
  • a fired bullet
  • a fired cartridge case
55
Q

what is contained in a live ammunition cartridge

A
  • primer
  • gunpowder
  • bullet or projectile
56
Q

what are commonly found primers

A
  • centre fire (this is most common)
  • rim fire
57
Q

what will be found on the base of a cartridge case

A

the manufacturer’s name or trademark

58
Q

true/false cartridges may be in metric or imperial units

A
  • true
  • metric (9mm, 3cm etc)
  • imperial (1/1000, 0.02)
59
Q

what are some ways to identify firearms

A
  • Serial number
  • Manufacturer
  • Type of firearm (rifle,shotgun,handgun)
  • Loaded/unloaded/chambered
  • Any other descriptive characteristics (sawed off barrel, damage to weapon)
60
Q

who determines semi-automatic versus fully automatic weapons

A

firearms examiners

61
Q

true/false crime scene examiners determine semi-automatic versus fully automatic weapons

A

false (firearms examiners do)

62
Q

what are some ways of how to link firearms to scenes

A
  • Striations in fired bullet
  • Gunpowder residue pattern
  • Trajectory, ricochet, bullet holes
  • Fingerprints (rare)
  • Firing pin impressions
  • Ejector and extractor marks
  • Bullet damage to tissue
  • DNA
63
Q

what does GSR stand for

A

gun shot residue

64
Q

how long can you find GSR on hands

A

within 8 hours

65
Q

where can you find GSR at a scene

A
  • hands
  • clothing (exposed parts)
  • vehicles
66
Q

how do you test a vehicle for GSr

A

submit the whole vehicle

67
Q

what should you prevent a suspect from doing if you want to test them for GSR

A
  • no fingerprinting
  • cant wash their hands
  • cant change their clothes
68
Q

true/false GSR is fragile

A
  • true
  • it should be collected as soon as possible
69
Q

what does IBIS stand for

A

integrated ballistics identification system

70
Q

what does IBIS do

A
  • is a system and screening tool
  • used for the acquisition, storage, and comparison of digital images from projectiles and/or cartridge/shotshell cases
  • enables local, national and international linkages that may exist amongst firearms cases submitted for examination
71
Q

when will case linkages happen in IBIS

A
  • at the time items are entered (“acquired’) into the system or
  • at a later date
72
Q

how are examinations done for IBIS

A

using modified microscopes and computers

73
Q

what does CIBIN stand for

A

Canadian Integrated Ballistics Identification Network

74
Q

what is CIBIN

A

A national network that integrates all IBIS sites in Canada and is maintained by the RCMP on a national server in Ottawa

75
Q

what does CIBIN assist police agencies with

A

in linking crime scenes or crime scene items to firearms

76
Q

what does NIBIN stand for

A
  • National Integrated Ballistics Information Network
  • same thing as CIBIN but for the states
77
Q

how may cases be searched for linkages on an international level

A

via NIBIN

78
Q

when will international searches occur

A

only for cases where the firearm may have originated or passed through the United States

79
Q

what does distance determination seek to determine

A
  • whether or not the item has been struck by a firearm related projectile
  • the distance between the muzzle of the firearm and the item’s surface
80
Q

what does distance determination primarily involve

A
  • clothing
  • excised tissue
81
Q

what might be included in distance determination

A

vehicles, buildings and street signs etc

82
Q

how far of a distance is GSR analysis useful for (think of how it gets broader the further away)

A

about 1 meter

83
Q

what is an intermediate target

A

The passage of a projectile(s) through an object before striking the primary target surface under examination

84
Q

what does penetrate mean

A

To enter an object and stay in it

85
Q

what does perforate mean

A

To pass all the way through an object

86
Q

what does primary impact mean

A

The first impact made by the projectile

87
Q

what does trajectory mean

A

The curved path of the projectile from the muzzle to the target surface

88
Q

what is the order of looking at shooting scenes

A
  • documentation notes, photos, sketch etc
  • search for guns, bullets etc
  • suspects their clothing, GSR, vehicle etc
  • victim clothing, shot fragments etc
  • submissions to CFS
89
Q

All firearms should be treated as ______ until proven safe

A

loaded

90
Q

true/false you can sometimes accept a firearm exhibit without proving it safe/ unloaded in the right circumstances

A
  • false
  • never
91
Q

what should you note when unloading a firearm

A

if round is chambered and/or if rounds in magazine

92
Q

true/false you should store a firearm with the action closed

A
  • false
  • action should be open
93
Q

true/false you should pick up a firearm by inserting smth in the barrel

A
  • false never do this
  • it may alter the rifling characteristics of the barrel
94
Q

when should notes be made of observations of firearm such as overall condition and appearance

A

upon seizing

95
Q

will swabs from the hammer, trigger or trigger guard or muzzle be accepted by the CFS

A

no

96
Q

where will swabs be accepted from on a gun for the CFS

A
  • both sides of textured area of grip
  • the slide
  • all using a single swab
97
Q

with gun exams, is fingerprinting done before or after biological exams

A

after

98
Q

what do toolmark exams do

A

determine whether or not a toolmark was produced by a particular tool

99
Q

what are toolmark exams based on

A

class and individual characteristics

100
Q

what is the definition of a tool

A

the harder of two objects which, when brought into contact with each other, results in the softer object receiving a toolmark

101
Q

why will tools bear unique microscopic characteristics

A
  • due to the manufacturing processes they undergo
  • use and abuse
102
Q

true/false class and individual characteristics are reproducible

A

true

103
Q

what are the different conclusions in toolmark exams

A
  • identification
  • inconclusive
  • elimination
  • unsuitable
104
Q

what does the conclusion of identification mean in toolmark exams

A

agreement of a combination of individual characteristics and all discernable class characteristics

105
Q

what does the conclusion of inconclusive mean in toolmark exams

A

not enough information available for identification or elimination

106
Q

what does the conclusion of elimination mean in toolmark exams

A

significant disagreement of discernable class and/or individual characteristics

107
Q

what does the conclusion of unsuitable mean in toolmark exams

A

evidence items that do not bear microscopic marks

108
Q

how do you document toolmark impressions

A
  • notes
  • photos
  • casts of toolmark impressions from crime scenes
109
Q

what is the most commonly used material to cast toolmarks

A

Mikrosil

110
Q

what is Mikrosil

A

a material used to cast toolmarks

111
Q

why do toolmark examiners like Mikrosil

A
  • Captures small details
  • High contrast
  • Releases well from surface
  • Short setting time (about 15
    minutes)
112
Q

what colour of mikrosil is preferred

A

brown or gray

113
Q
A

CSI (3rd year) (13 decks)

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