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Linguistics > Phonology > Flashcards

Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Phonemes?

A

-Mental representations
-Create a contrast in meaning
(made up of allophones)

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2
Q

What are Allophones?

A
  • Sounds

- Do not create a contrast in meaning

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3
Q

Describe Phonological Processes

A

-Affect the realization of phonemes as Allophones
– Are sensitive to environment (the surrounding
sounds)

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4
Q

What are the phonological processes?

A
  • Aspiration (t→tʰ)
  • Glottalization (t→tʔ)
  • Flapping (r→ɾ)
  • Assimilation
  • Dissimilation
  • Deletion (A→ø)
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5
Q

Aspiration

A

(t→tʰ)

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6
Q

Glottalization

A

(t→tʔ)

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7
Q

Flapping

A

(r→ɾ)

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

To adjust to an environment
Assimilating to the place of articulation of a following consonant
(Ex: unbelievable vs umbelievable, the b is bilabial so the um is easier to say)

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9
Q

Insertion

A

The adding in of a sound

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10
Q

Deletion

A

Getting rid of/omitting a sound

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11
Q

Metathesis

A

To switch sounds ex: /ab/ to [ba] like a child saying aminal instead of animal

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12
Q

Strengthening

A

Makes a sound stronger, more emphasized

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13
Q

The difference between phonetics and phonology

A
  • phonetics: physical speech sounds

- Phonology: mental representations of sounds

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14
Q

Example of a phoneme

A

/p/

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15
Q

Example of an allophone

A

[p] [p^h] [P]

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16
Q

What are minimal pairs

A

Two words that differ in one sound (one sound changes the meaning of the word)

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17
Q

Example of minimal pairs

A

lip, lid (this also tells us that [p] and [d] are contrastive sounds)

18
Q

What is grammar made up of?

A

A lexicon and rules

19
Q

What are the rules involved with grammar?

A

Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax

20
Q

What is Linguistic Competence?

A

The internal, mental cognitive system of

language that you have in your head

21
Q

What is Linguistic Performance?

A

Everything involved

in the implementation of that system

22
Q

Name the ten design features of Language

A
  • Mode of communication
  • Arbitrariness
  • Semanticity
  • Cultural Transmission
  • Pragmatic Function
  • Interchangeability
  • Discreteness
  • Displacement
  • Structure
  • Productivity
23
Q

Describe Mode of Communication

A

The use of vocal, auditory or visual channels

24
Q

Describe arbitrariness

A

The use of symbols. The absence of a necessary connection between a words meaning and the words sound or form (Ex: no reason to call a chair a chair, but “bark” is similar to the actual sound that a dog makes)

25
Q

Describe Semanticity

A

The symbols mean or refer to other objects/actions

26
Q

Describe pragmatic function

A

The relationship between Linguistic forms and the users of those forms

27
Q

Describe Interchangeability

A

essentially turn taking and modifying parts of language to describe new circumstances

28
Q

Describe Discreteness

A

Complex messages built from smaller parts

29
Q

Describe displacement

A

The ability to refer to things far removed in time and place (Ex: past, present and future)

30
Q

Describe Structure-Dependence

A

The patterned nature of language and the ability to manipulate it “structured chunks”

31
Q

Describe Productivity

A

The openness of language/creativity/to make original

32
Q

Linguistic Determinism (strong version)

A

The language of an individual
determines how that individual thinks
about the world.

33
Q

Linguistic Relativity (weak version)

A

The language of an individual influences
but does not determine an
individual’s thoughts.

34
Q

What are the three main types of Phonetics?

A
  • Articulary (how we physically make sound)
  • Acoustic (how speech is manifested in sound waves)
  • Auditory (how speech is perceived)
35
Q

What is the IPA?

A
  • “International Phonetic Alphabet”
  • Created in 1886
  • Revised many times
  • Intended to represent all possible distinctive sounds in human language
36
Q

English orthography is__________

A

Ambiguous (has no one to one ratio)

ex: [k] = k, ch, ck, c

37
Q

What is the difference between phonemes and allophones?

A

Allophones of a given phoneme occur in predictable environments

38
Q

Contrastive Distribution

A
  • have minimal pairs
  • cannot occur in the same environment
  • are separate phonemes
39
Q

Complimentary Distribution

A
  • Do not have minimal pairs
  • can occur in the same environment
  • the sounds are allophones of the same phoneme
40
Q

What are Natural Classes?

A

a group of sounds in a
language that share one or more properties to
the exclusion of all other sounds in the
language
! /t,k,p/ are all voiceless oral stops–they are
the ONLY voiceless oral stops in the
language…thus they are a natural class.

Linguistics (7 decks)

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