Phonology

Question 1

What are Phonemes?

Answer 1

-Mental representations
-Create a contrast in meaning
(made up of allophones)

Question 2

What are Allophones?

Answer 2

• Sounds

- Do not create a contrast in meaning

Question 3

Describe Phonological Processes

Answer 3

-Affect the realization of phonemes as Allophones
– Are sensitive to environment (the surrounding
sounds)

Question 4

What are the phonological processes?

Answer 4

• Aspiration (t→tʰ)
• Glottalization (t→tʔ)
• Flapping (r→ɾ)
• Assimilation
• Dissimilation
• Deletion (A→ø)

Question 5

Aspiration

Answer 5

(t→tʰ)

Question 6

Glottalization

Answer 6

(t→tʔ)

Question 7

Flapping

Answer 7

(r→ɾ)

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

To adjust to an environment
Assimilating to the place of articulation of a following consonant
(Ex: unbelievable vs umbelievable, the b is bilabial so the um is easier to say)

Question 9

Insertion

Answer 9

The adding in of a sound

Question 10

Deletion

Answer 10

Getting rid of/omitting a sound

Question 11

Metathesis

Answer 11

To switch sounds ex: /ab/ to [ba] like a child saying aminal instead of animal

Question 12

Strengthening

Answer 12

Makes a sound stronger, more emphasized

Question 13

The difference between phonetics and phonology

Answer 13

• phonetics: physical speech sounds

- Phonology: mental representations of sounds

Question 14

Example of a phoneme

Answer 14

/p/

Question 15

Example of an allophone

Answer 15

[p] [p^h] [P]

Question 16

What are minimal pairs

Answer 16

Two words that differ in one sound (one sound changes the meaning of the word)

Question 17

Example of minimal pairs

Answer 17

lip, lid (this also tells us that [p] and [d] are contrastive sounds)

Question 18

What is grammar made up of?

Answer 18

A lexicon and rules

Question 19

What are the rules involved with grammar?

Answer 19

Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax

Question 20

What is Linguistic Competence?

Answer 20

The internal, mental cognitive system of

language that you have in your head

Question 21

What is Linguistic Performance?

Answer 21

Everything involved

in the implementation of that system

Question 22

Name the ten design features of Language

Answer 22

• Mode of communication
• Arbitrariness
• Semanticity
• Cultural Transmission
• Pragmatic Function
• Interchangeability
• Discreteness
• Displacement
• Structure
• Productivity

Question 23

Describe Mode of Communication

Answer 23

The use of vocal, auditory or visual channels

Question 24

Describe arbitrariness

Answer 24

The use of symbols. The absence of a necessary connection between a words meaning and the words sound or form (Ex: no reason to call a chair a chair, but “bark” is similar to the actual sound that a dog makes)

Question 25

Describe Semanticity

Answer 25

The symbols mean or refer to other objects/actions

Question 26

Describe pragmatic function

Answer 26

The relationship between Linguistic forms and the users of those forms

Question 27

Describe Interchangeability

Answer 27

essentially turn taking and modifying parts of language to describe new circumstances

Question 28

Describe Discreteness

Answer 28

Complex messages built from smaller parts

Question 29

Describe displacement

Answer 29

The ability to refer to things far removed in time and place (Ex: past, present and future)

Question 30

Describe Structure-Dependence

Answer 30

The patterned nature of language and the ability to manipulate it "structured chunks"

Question 31

Describe Productivity

Answer 31

The openness of language/creativity/to make original

Question 32

Linguistic Determinism (strong version)

Answer 32

The language of an individual determines how that individual thinks about the world.

Question 33

Linguistic Relativity (weak version)

Answer 33

The language of an individual influences but does not determine an individual’s thoughts.

Question 34

What are the three main types of Phonetics?

Answer 34

- Articulary (how we physically make sound) - Acoustic (how speech is manifested in sound waves) - Auditory (how speech is perceived)

Question 35

What is the IPA?

Answer 35

- "International Phonetic Alphabet" - Created in 1886 - Revised many times - Intended to represent all possible distinctive sounds in human language

Question 36

English orthography is__________

Answer 36

Ambiguous (has no one to one ratio) | ex: [k] = k, ch, ck, c

Question 37

What is the difference between phonemes and allophones?

Answer 37

Allophones of a given phoneme occur in predictable environments

Question 38

Contrastive Distribution

Answer 38

- have minimal pairs - cannot occur in the same environment - are separate phonemes

Question 39

Complimentary Distribution

Answer 39

- Do not have minimal pairs - can occur in the same environment - the sounds are allophones of the same phoneme

Question 40

What are Natural Classes?

Answer 40

a group of sounds in a language that share one or more properties to the exclusion of all other sounds in the language ! /t,k,p/ are all voiceless oral stops--they are the ONLY voiceless oral stops in the language…thus they are a natural class.