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Linguistics 1111 > Phonology > Flashcards

Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

What is phonology?

A

Subdiscipline of linguistics that is concerned with the patterning of speech sounds

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2
Q

(Partial) Prosodic Hierarchy

A

Words - Syllables - Segments - Features

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3
Q

Contrastive Distribution

A

Allophones of separate phonemes - Occur in SAME phonetic environment

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4
Q

Contrastive Segments

A

Segments that can used to signal a change in meaning

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5
Q

Phonemes

A

Stored mental representations of contrastive segments

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6
Q

Minimal Pair Test

A

If a new word is created by swapping one segment for another = contrastive distribution

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7
Q

Near-Minimal Pairs

A

Have more differences between the words than minimal pairs

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8
Q

Phonemic Inventory

A

Collection of contrastive segments in a language

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9
Q

Phonetic Inventory

A

Collection of segments that are actually produced when speaking

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10
Q

Articulatory Processes

A

Produce variation between what is stored in our heads and what we actually say

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

When two segments are adjacent to each other, one causes the other to change

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12
Q

Progressive Assimilation

A

A sounds influences the following sound

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13
Q

Regressive Assimilation

A

A sounds influences the preceding sound

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14
Q

Voicing Assimilation

A

The voiced or voiceless property of one segment is imposed on another

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15
Q

Voicing

Articulatory Process

A

A voiceless segments becomes voiced

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16
Q

Devoicing

A

A voiced segment becomes voiceless

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17
Q

Place Assimilation

A

The place of articulation of one segment is imposed on another

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18
Q

Flapping

A

Both voicing and manner assimilation

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19
Q

Manner Assimilation

A

A stop (non-continuant) becomes a liquid (continuant)

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20
Q

Dissimilation

A

When segments are similar, one may change to become more distinct

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21
Q

Deletion

A

Removes a segment

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22
Q

Metathesis

A

Reorders segments

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23
Q

Vowel Reduction

A

Vowels in unstressed positions reduce to a central position in the mouth
[ə]

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24
Q

Epenthesis

A

Inserts a segment

A voiceless stop is often inserted between a nasal and a voiceless consonant

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25
Q

Phonetic Transcription

A

Records what was actually produced

[ ]

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26
Q

Phonological Transcription

A

Records which segments are stored for a given word in the grammar
/ /

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27
Q

Natural Class

A

Grouping of phonemes

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28
Q

Allophones

A

Segments as they are produced in speech

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29
Q

Phonetic Environment

A

The trigger for a rule

30
Q

Complementary Distribution

A

Allophones of one phoneme - NEVER occur in the same environment

31
Q

Phonetically Similar

A

Share certain properties, but one difference has been introduced by a triggering environment

32
Q

Syllable

Syllable Structure

A

Composed of a sonorous segment, and non-syllabic segments at its edges

33
Q

What’s in a syllable?

4 Answers

A
  1. O = Onset (consonant)
  2. R = Rhyme
  3. N = Nucleus (vowel)
  4. Co = Coda (consonant)
34
Q

Universal Contraints

A

Obeyed by every language

35
Q

Language-Specific Constraints

A

Specific to a given language

36
Q

Steps to Syllabification

A
  1. Nucleus Formation
  2. Maximize Onset
  3. Coda Formation
37
Q

Phonotactics

A

Set of constraints that governs permissible sequences of segments in a given language

38
Q

Onset Constraints

A

Part of a language’s phonotactic constraints as they govern permissible sequences of consonants in onsets

39
Q

Accidental Gaps

A

Sequences that are possible in a language but does not occur

40
Q

Systematic Gap

A

Combinations that are not possible and violate the language’s phonotactic constraint

41
Q

Violable Constraints

A

No adjustments needed on onsets that is clearly not English

42
Q

Phonological Rule

A

A - B / X_Y
A = Target Phoneme
B = Output Allophone (Conditioned)
X_Y = Trigger

43
Q

Features

A

Basic building blocks of human speech sounds

44
Q

[± consonantal]

[± cons]

A

[+ consonantal] = obstruents / nasals / liquids

[- consonantal] = glides / vowels

45
Q

[± sonorant]

[± son]

A

[+ sonorant] = vowels / glides / liquids / nasals

[- sonorant] = obstruents

46
Q

[± syllabic]

[± syll]

A

[+ syllabic] = vowels / syllabic liquids and nasals
[- syllabic] = obstruents / non-syllabic liquids and nasals / glides

*[-cons][-son]

47
Q

[+ cons]
[- son]
[- syll]

A

Obstruent

48
Q

[+ cons]

[- syll]

A

Consonant

49
Q

[+ cons]
[- son]
[+ syll]

A

Sonorant

50
Q

[- cons]
[+ son]
[+ syll]

A

Vowel

51
Q

[- cons]
[+ son]
[- syll]

A

Glide

52
Q

[± continuant]

[± cont]

A

[+ continuant] = vowels / glides / fricatives / liquids

[- continuant] = stops / affricates / nasals

53
Q

[± delayed release]

[± DR]

A

[+ delayed response] = affricates

[- delayed response] = everything else

54
Q

[± nasal]

[± nas]

A

[+ nasal] = nasals

[- nasal] = oral sounds

55
Q

[± lateral]

[± lat]

A

[+ lateral] = l sounds

[- lateral] = everything else

56
Q

[± voice]

[± voi] [± vce]

A

[+ voice] = voiced segments

[- voice] = voiceless segments

57
Q

[± spread glottis]

[± SG]

A

[+ spread glottis] = aspirated consonants

[- spread glottis] = unaspirated consonants

58
Q

[± constricted glottis]

[± CG]

A

[+ constricted glottis] = glottal stop

[- constricted glottis] = everything else

59
Q

[LABIAL]

[LAB]

A

Bilabials / Labiodentals

Major place feature

60
Q

[± round]

[± rnd]

A

[+ round] = rounded vowels
[- round] = [ p b f v m]
(minor place feature)

61
Q

[CORONAL]

[COR]

A

Sounds articulated using the tongue tip or tongue

62
Q

[± anterior]

[± ant]

A

[+ anterior] = interdental / alveolars

[- anterior] = alveopalatals

63
Q

[± strident]

[± strid]

A

[+ strident] = sibilants / [ s z ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ]

[- strident] = [ɵ ð]

64
Q

[DORSAL]

[DOR]

A

Sounds articulated using the tongue body or dorsum

65
Q

[± high]

[± hi]

A

[+ high] = velars / palatals/ high vowels

[- high] = everything else (mid / low vowels)

66
Q

[± low]

[±l o]

A

[+ low] = low vowels

[- low] = mid / high vowels

67
Q

[+ hi]

[- lo]

A

High vowels

68
Q

[- hi]

[- lo]

A

Mid vowel

69
Q

[- hi]

[+ lo]

A

Low vowel

70
Q

[± back]

[± bk] [± bck]

A

[+ back] = central / back vowels

[- back] = front vowels

71
Q

[± tense]

[± tns]

A

[+ tense] = tense vowels

[- tense] = lax vowels

72
Q

[± reduced]

[± red]

A

[+ reduced] = [ə]

[- reduced] = all other vowels

Linguistics 1111 (4 decks)

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