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Linguistics 1111 > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

0
Q

Where is the information stored?

A

The grammar

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1
Q

What is linguistics?

A

Scientific study of language

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2
Q

Linguistic Competence

A

What we know about the language and how to use it

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3
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

Rules about “proper” language use

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4
Q

Descriptive Grammar

A

Information about how the language is actually used

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5
Q

Ungrammatical

A

No meaning or lacks the intended meaning and is not understand

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6
Q

What is Phonetics?

A

Subdiscipline of linguistics that investigates speech sounds (phones)

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7
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A

The physiological mechanics of producing speech sounds

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8
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A

The physical properties of the sounds waves associated with speech sounds

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9
Q

Segment

A

Individual speech sound

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10
Q

Gestures

A

Features

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11
Q

How do we know segments are real?

2 answers

A
  1. Errors

2. (Relative) Invariance

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12
Q

Vocal Tract

A

A number of passages where speech sounds are produced by pushing air through

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13
Q

The Lungs

Vocal Tract

A

Air source

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14
Q

Vocal Folds, located inside the larynx

Vocal Tract

A

The sound source

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15
Q

Three “filters” that shape the sound produced:

Vocal Tract

A
  1. The pharyngeal cavity
  2. The oral cavity
  3. The nasal cavity
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16
Q

Voicing

A

Controlled by glottal state, the position of the vocal folds in the larynx

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17
Q

Voiceless Sounds

A

Vocal folds are spread apart, air passes through freely

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18
Q

Voiced Sounds

A

Vocal folds are close together, but not pressed tightly the air passes through producing vibrations

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19
Q

Three Major Sound Classes

A
  1. Consonants
  2. Vowels
  3. Glides
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20
Q

Consonants

A

Produced by creating either an obstruction or a constriction in the vocal tract

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21
Q

Non-Syllabic

A

Found at the edges of syllables

Consonants / Glides

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22
Q

What is the durations of:
Consonants?
Vowel?
Glides?

A

Consonants / Glides: Short in duration

Vowels: Long in duration

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23
Q

Vowels

A

Produced with a relatively open vocal tract

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24
Q

Syllabic

A

Found at the central points of syllables

Vowels

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25
Q

Glides

Sound Class

A

Hybrid category - Characteristics of consonants and vowels

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26
Q

Place of Articulation

A

The point of obstruction or constriction in the vocal tract

Where it’s made

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27
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

The air’s ability to flow through the vocal tract

How it’s made

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28
Q

Labial

A

Using the lips

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29
Q

Bilabial

A

Both lips are used
Pay - [p]
Bay - [b]
May - [m]

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30
Q

Dental Sounds

A

Using the tip or blade of the tongue against or near the teeth

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31
Q

Labiodental

A

Using bottom lip and upper teeth
Fast - [f]
Vast - [v]

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32
Q

Interdental

A

The tongue blade is placed between the upper and lower teeth

THin / weaTHer - [θ]

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33
Q

Alveolar Sounds

A 
Using the tip or blade of the tongue against or near alveolar ridge 
Tip - [t]
Dip - [d]
Sip - [s]
Zip - [z]
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34
Q

Alveopalatal Sound

A 
Placing the tongue blade near the area just behind the alveolar ridge (the alveopalatal area)
fiSSion - [ʃ]
viSion - [ʒ]
CHoke - [tʃ]	
Joke - [dʒ]
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35
Q

Palatal Sounds

A

Placing the tongue body against or near the hard palate

Yes - [j]

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36
Q

Velar Sounds

A

Placing tongue dorsum against or near the velum (soft palate)
Cart - [k]
Guard - [g]

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37
Q

Uvular Sounds

A

Placing the tongue dorsum against or near the uvula

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38
Q

Pharyngeal Sounds

A

Retract the tongue root, or by constricting the pharynx

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39
Q

Glottal Sounds

A

Sounds made at the glottis; the opening between the vocal fold in larynx
h in English - [h]
glottal stop - [ʔ]

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40
Q

Oral Sound

A

When the velum is raised, air cannot enter the nasal cavity

Voiced or voiceless

41
Q

Nasal Sound

A

The velum is lowered, allowing air to enter and flow through nasal cavity; usually voiced
suM - [m]
suN - [n]
suNG - [ŋ]

42
Q

Stops

A

Complete closure in the oral cavity or at the glottis
Pit - [p]
Big - [b]
Man - [m]

43
Q

Nasal Stops

A

Complete closure of the oral tract, air escapes through the nose

44
Q

Fricatives

A 
Narrowing a portion of the vocal tract, so air can pass through, but turbulence is created 
Sue - [s]
Zoo - [z]
SHoe - [ʃ]
beiGe - [ʒ]
45
Q

Affricates

A

Like stops, involve complete blockage of oral cavity
Like fricatives. closure opens up again, able to produce turbulence noise
CHump - [tʃ]
Jump - [dʒ]

46
Q

Stridents / Sibilants

A

Group of noisier segments (fricatives/affricates)

THing - [θ] vs. Sing - [s]

47
Q

Liquids

A

Produced with less constriction in the vocal tract; usually voiced

48
Q

Rhotics

A

Produced using a relatively large variety of articulation

49
Q

Laterals

A

Lowering the sides of the tongue, allowing air to flow around the tongue
Late - [l]
caLL - [ɫ]

50
Q

Retroflex r

A

The tip of the tongue is either curled back or bunched back away from the alveolar ridge
Red / caR / Ride / siR - [r]

51
Q

Flap / Tap r

A

The tip of the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge and retracts again really rapidly
buTTer / waTer / liTTle - [ɽ]

52
Q

Sonourous

A 
Liquids and nasals sound more like vowels and consonants; become syllabic liquids/nasals
littLE - [l]
watER - [r]
buttON - [n]
prisM - [m]
53
Q

Glides

Manner of Articulation

A

Produced with the least amount of constriction in the vocal tract of all consonants. Short Vowels
Yes - [j]
Wept - [w]

54
Q

(General) Articulatory Description

A

Description of how it is articulated that will identify that segment alone

55
Q

Three Part to Articulatory Description

A
  1. Voicing - either voiced or voiceless
  2. Place of Articulation
  3. Manner of Articulation
56
Q

[p]

A

Voiceless Bilabial Stop

57
Q

[v]

A

Voiced Labiodental Fricative

58
Q

[z]

A

Voiced Alveolar Fricative

59
Q

[tʃ]

A

Voiceless Alveopalatal Affricate

60
Q

[g]

A

Voiced Velar Stop

61
Q

[l]

A

Alveolar Lateral

62
Q

[ɽ]

A

Alveolar Flap / Tap

63
Q

[j]

A

Palatal Glide

64
Q

[w]

A

Labiovelar Glide

65
Q

[m]

A

Bilabial Nasal

66
Q

[n]

A

Alveolar Nasal

67
Q

[ŋ]

A

Velar Nasal

68
Q

Aspiration

A

Lag or delay before the voicing begins, accompanied by an extra puff of air

69
Q

Tongue Height

A

Relative height of the tongue body in the mouth

70
Q

Tongue Backness

A

Relative position of the tongue body in the mouth on a front-back dimension

71
Q

Lip Rounding

A

Whether the lips must be rounded to produce the vowel

72
Q

Tense Vowels

A

Require greater tension in vocal tract

Longer in duration

73
Q

Lax Vowels

A

Does not require much tension in the vocal tract

Shorter duration

74
Q

Simple Vowels

A

Produced with the tongue in one position for the duration of the vowel
sEE - [i]
sAW - [ɑ]
sUE - [u]

75
Q

Diphthongs

A

Produced with drastic tongue movement during the production of the vowel
sIGH - [aj]
sOW - [aw]
sOY - [oj]

76
Q

High Vowels

A 
Produced with the tongue body relatively high in the mouth 
sEE - [i]
sIt - [ɪ]
sUE - [u]
sOOt - [ʊ]
77
Q

Low Vowels

A

Produced with the tongue body relatively low in the mouth
sAt - [æ]
sAW - [ɑ]

78
Q

Mid Vowels

A

Produced with the tongue body roughly midway up in the mouth
sAY - [e]
sEt - [ɛ]
sEW - [o]

79
Q

Front Vowels

A

Produced with the tongue body relatively forward in the mouth
sUE - [u]
sOOt - [ʊ]
sEW - [o]

80
Q

Back Vowels

A 
Produced with the tongue body relatively far back in the mouth
sUE - [u]
sOOt - [ʊ]
sEW - [o]
sAW - [ɑ]
81
Q

Rounded Vowels

A

Produced with rounded lips
sUE - [u]
sOOt - [ʊ]
sEW - [o]

82
Q

Unrounded Vowels

A 
Produced without lip rounding
sEE - [i]
sIt - [ɪ]
sAY - [e]
sEt - [ɛ]
sAW - [ɑ]
83
Q

Two Types of Central Vowels

A
  1. Schwa - [ə]

2. Caret - [ʌ]

84
Q

Caret - [ʌ]

A

Only occurs in stressed syllables
cUt
mUd

85
Q

Schwa - [ə]

A

Occurs only in unstressed syllables; also called a reduced vowel
pOtatO
celEry

86
Q

Three suprasegmentals or prosodic properties

A
  1. Pitch
  2. Loudness
  3. Length
87
Q

Intonation

A

Manipulation of pitch without creating meaningful contrasts

88
Q

A rising or non-terminal intonation contour

A

Used to indicated incompleteness

Yes/No questions

89
Q

Falling or terminal intonation contour

A

Used to indicate completeness

90
Q

Tone

A

Manipulation of pitch to create meaningful contrasts between words

91
Q

Register Tones (Level Tones)

A

Tones that have a single pitch

92
Q

Contour Tones

A

Tones that have multiple pitches

93
Q

Pitch Accent

A

A change in pitch on a particular syllable can be used to indicate a change in meaning

94
Q

Vowels can be lengthened to create a contrast between:

2 answers

A
  1. Long Vowels - [ː] - [:]

2. Short Vowels

95
Q

Geminates

A

Long consonants

Transcribed as double consonants

96
Q

Short Consonants

A

Singletons

97
Q

Stress

A

Refers to the relative prominence of a syllable

98
Q

What does stress manipulate?

3 Answers

A
  1. Pitch
  2. Loudness
  3. Length (Duration)
99
Q

Stressed Syllables

A

Vowel of the syllable is higher-pitched, louder and longer

100
Q

Unstressed Syllables

A

Vowels tend to reduce to schwa - [ə] - but not always

Linguistics 1111 (4 decks)

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