Phonology

Question 1

diphtongs

Answer 1

= gliding vowels

1) closing
2) centring (not in AmEng)

Question 2

smoothing

Answer 2

tendency to become monophtongs
- faster speech

firepower /fɑːpaː/

Question 3

manner of articulation

Answer 3

plosives
fricatives
affricates (obstruents)

nasal
approximants (sonorants = laminar flow)

Question 4

place of articulation

Answer 4

• bilabial, velar, dental…

Question 5

devoicing

Answer 5

• initial and mostly final positions

[d̥ɒg̥] [sm̥ɔːl]

Question 6

glotttalization

Answer 6

butter [bʌʔə]; not only [nɒʔ əʊnli]

Question 7

alveolar tap

Answer 7

[ɾ] (“rychlé d”) or t-voicing

beauty [bjuːɾi], not only [nɒɾ əʊnli]

Question 8

pre-fortis shortening

Answer 8

= a vowel is followed by a fortis (voiceless) consonant

plate = [pleĭt] (X played = [pleɪd] - longer)

Question 9

stop realeses

Answer 9

= inaudible/incomplete release

• 2 subsequent plosives
  [stɒp̚ pleɪɪŋ] [bæk̚ dɔː] [hɒt̚]

Question 10

l-vocalization/vocalic dark ɫ

Answer 10

milk [mɪɫk] → [mɪʊk]

Question 11

prominence factors (stress)

Answer 11

pitch, length, loudness (intensity), vowel quality (full)

Question 12

stress in verbs and nouns

Answer 12

nouns - 1st syllable
verbs - 2nd syllable

Question 13

main unit of rhythm

Answer 13

foot (stopa)

Question 14

2 types of rhythm

Answer 14

1) stress-timed (based)
- regular intervals (English)

2) syllable-timed
- syllables = equal length (Czech)

Question 15

h-dropping

Answer 15

What did he…? [wɒt did‿ɪ]

Question 16

intonation

Answer 16

= a set of prosodic features in its broad sense: pitch, rhythm and stress

Question 17

types of tones

Answer 17

1) static
2) kinetic
- fall, rise, fall-rise, rise-fall

Question 18

tone X intonation languages

Answer 18

1) tone - use tones lexically

2) intonation - doesn’t alter the lexical identity (surprise)

Question 19

tonicity

Answer 19

accentual fction of intonation
- highlighting some words, focus (new info)

• end-weight principle

Question 20

tonality

Answer 20

= dividing spoken discourse information into discrete units of intonation (tone units)

Question 21

chunking

Answer 21

= breaking up the spoken material into meaningful chunks

Question 22

assimilation

Answer 22

progressive
regressive

Question 23

coalescent assimilation

Answer 23

don’t you /dəʊnt ju/ → /dəʊntʃu/

behind you /bɪˈhaɪnd ju/ → /bɪˈhaɪndʒu/

Question 24

elision

Answer 24

= omission

(Christmas, know, psyche, cupboard…)

Question 25

linking

Answer 25

1) linking r
four eggs [ˈfɔːr‿ˈegz] → [ˈfɔː.ˈregz]

2) intrusive r
three apples [ˈθriː(j) ˈæpl̩z]

3) linking j
three apples [ˈθriː(j) ˈæpl̩z]

4) linking w
two apples [ˈtuː(w) ˈæpl̩z]