Morphology

Question 1

Types of morphemes

Answer 1

1. lexical (open class = new words/names can be added)
   a. free (roots, stems): table, write
   b. bound (affixes)
   → word formation
2. grammatical (closed inventory)
   a. free (function words): the, and, to, more
   b. bound (inflectional): -s, -ed, -ing
   → inflection

Question 2

polysemy

Answer 2

• senses or uses of nouns differ

e.g I caught a salmon. X We’re having salmon for dinner.

Question 3

countable nouns

Answer 3

= entities are atomic → can’t be divided into smaller parts of the same kind

Question 4

singular invariable nouns

Answer 4

= the same sing. and pl. form

• butter, beer, news, Henry, the Thames, mathematics, linguistics

Question 5

classes of nouns

Answer 5

proper and common

Question 5

plural invariable nouns

Answer 5

• glasses, scissors, trousers, arms, bowels, brains, people, folk, police

Question 6

definiteness: references

Answer 6

1. generic (= refer to all members of a group)
2. non-generic (= specific)

Question 7

non-generic reference

Answer 7

a) indefinite - a cat/(some) cats, (some) milk

b) definite
A) situational
- Have you fed the cat(s)?
B) textual
- anaphoric (already mentioned)
→ There is a cat in the garden and some milk in the fridge. Could you give the milk to the cat?

• cataphoric (specification) - specified by sth after it
  → The cat [you gave me] run away.
• logical - indicates that there!s only one of a kind
  → The first cat drank the only milk there was.

Question 8

gender classes

Answer 8

1) animate
- personal
- non-personal (bull, cow)

2) inanimate

Question 9

fctions of pronouns

Answer 9

1) proform = takes the place of a noun, noun phrase etc.

• e.g. The man looked down and saw the tiny fish,
  → He saw them.

2) o determiner
- her book; which book

Question 10

classes of pronouns

Answer 10

personal
reflexive (myself)
possessive
reciprocal (each other)
interrogative
demonstrative (ukazovací)
relative (whatever)
indefinite (all, both, much)

Question 11

classification of adverbs

Answer 11

1) comparative adv.
- more ___, faster

2) superlative adv.
- the most, fastest

Question 12

types of adverbs

Answer 12

1) regular (+ -ly; happily)

2) irregular (not devived from adj.; well, fast)

3) compound (beforehand, forever)

Question 13

classification of adjectives

Answer 13

descriptive (tall, intelligent, large, hateful)

numeral (some, much, little; first, second, last)

demonstrative (that, this, these, those)

interrogative (which, what, whose)

relative (which, what, whose)

possessive (my, your, his, her, our, their)

proper (American, Shakespearean, French)

excclamatory (What (a beautiful day!))

compound

Question 14

classification of verbs

Answer 14

1) modal (auxiliary) - can, could, must, ought to, dare

2) auxiliary - be, do have
- don’t have a meaning on their own, only gram. categories; need a lexi word

3) copular/linking - seem, look, become
- need a lexical word

4) full lexical - read, run, open

Question 15

modality

Answer 15

= indicates speaker’s attitude

1) epistemic/extrinsic (jistotní)
- may, must

2) deontic/intrinsic (dispoziční)
- can, must, wouldn’t

Question 16

verb tense

Answer 16

simple forms

complex forms

Question 17

verb mood

Answer 17

• indicative
• imperative
• conditional
• subjunctive (God save the Queen!)