Phonology

Question 1

Elision

Answer 1

• omission/deletion of a sound
• in written mode: can help establish a more conversational tone, decrease register or social distance between writer and reader
  e.g. G’day in text
• in spoken mode: help aid fluency and seamlessness in the spoken mode
  e.g. pronouncing Wednesday|wensday

Question 2

Insertion

Answer 2

• insertion of sounds where they don’t belong
• stereotypically associated with lower socioeconomic class or education
• more common in certain ethnicities; can reflect cultural heritage/identity
  e.g Especially|ekspecially

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

• blending of neighbouring sounds in a word
• can reflect the mode as being spoken
  e.g.
  nasal assimilation - handbag|hambag
  flapping - butter|budder
  palatalisation - courtyard|courchyard

Question 4

Vowel Reduction

Answer 4

• turning a vowel into a schwa sound
• reflects Australian setting, context and identity
• can decrease register either to help or hinder purpose
  e.g. ruler|rula

Question 5

Intonation/Pitch

Answer 5

• rise and fall in pitch of voice in spoken mode
• rising pitch - hold the talking stick, signal uncertainty, ask question
• falling pitch - pass the talking stick/ending a thought, signal certainty/conviction
• pitch - how high or low the speech is
• intonation - change in pitch

Question 6

Stress/Emphasis

Answer 6

• emphatic stress on certain syllables or words
• draw audience’s attention to a specific part in order to signal/emphasise something (idea, emotion, thought)

Question 7

Tempo/Speed

Answer 7

• pace of the speech
• fast speech - add extra info, signal degree of excitement of nervousness
• slow speech - add emphasis, draw attention to a specific part, signal certainty, calmness, confidence or composure

Question 8

Volume

Answer 8

• loudness of speech
• soft volume - create dramatic effect and suspense, convey sincerity and care
• loud volume - express emotion, interrupt a speaker

Question 9

Cough

Answer 9

• subtly signal to someone by deliberately coughing

Question 10

Laughter

Answer 10

• reflects rapport is being built
• decrease register and social distance

Question 11

Breath

Answer 11

• signal topic changes/build suspense
• express sadness/difficulty/frustration

Question 12

Alliteration

Answer 12

• repetition of initial consonants in a sequence
• increase memorability in marketing, provide rhythm, more engaging
  **e.g. Do. Dare. Dream **

Question 13

Consonance

Answer 13

• repetition of consonants within a word
• subtly adds rhythm
  e.g. Home Time

Question 14

Assonance

Answer 14

• repetition of vowel sounds
• subtly adds rhythm
  e.g. Dream Team

Question 15

Onomatopoeia

Answer 15

• words that sound like sounds
• adds vividness, aids in story telling
  e.g. Bang Crash Boom

Question 16

Rhyme

Answer 16

• increase memorability in marketing, draw attention to a specific part
  e.g. Fat Cat

Question 17

Australian Accents

Answer 17

• broad - elongated vowel sounds, diphthongs, elision and assimilation
  associated with informality and being friendly but irresponsible and too relaxed
  e.g. Steve Irwin, Bogan
• cultivated - more sophisticated, closer to British English
  associated with formality and professionalism, higher education but snobbiness and unfriendly
  e.g. The Queen
• general - mix of both, most of the population

Question 18

Elongated Vowel Sounds

Answer 18

• lengthening of a particular vowel sound
• emphasise a point, hold the talking stick to construct next speech
  e.g. wa=y too long

Question 19

Diphthong

Answer 19

• turning a single vowel sound into two
• feature of Broad Australian Accent, reflect Australian identity,
  e.g. mate|moite