Phonology

Question 1

allophone

Answer 1

variants of the same phoneme [n] and [ṇ]

Question 2

separate phonemes

Answer 2

speech sounds that distinguish between words in English /n/ and /ŋ/ (win vs. wing)

Question 3

vowel lengthening

Answer 3

English vowels of all types are automatically lengthened in front of voiced obstruents (oral stops, fricatives, affricates)
[bit] beat [bi:d] bead
these are allophones

Question 4

minimal pairs

Answer 4

consists of 2 words that differ by only one segment in the same position (sum and sun, sip and zip)

Question 5

complementary distribution

Answer 5

when 2 sounds occur in non-overlapping environments (/ṇ/ occurs in front of dental consonants like [ð] and [θ] /n/ occurs elsewhere)

Question 6

near-minimal pairs

Answer 6

contain difference other than the one involving the key contrast, as long as the difference doesn’t involve sounds right next to the contrast (mission and vision)

Question 7

vowel nasalization

Answer 7

In English, nasal allophones of vowels are found right before a nasal consonant

Question 8

distribution of two glides

Answer 8

a mid tense vowel in English is predictably followed by a glide that has the same backness and roundness

Question 9

malapropisms

Answer 9

mischosen words that are phonologically similar to the intended word and have the same number of syllables (emanate for emulate)

Question 10

3 steps of construction of syllables

Answer 10

nucleus formation, onset formation, coda formation

Question 11

nucleus formation

Answer 11

each vowel segment in s aword makes up a syllabic nucleus (an N is drawn above then an R for rhyme)

Question 12

onset formation

Answer 12

the longest permissible sequence of consonants to the life of each nucleus is the onset (O is connected to the sigma)

Question 13

coda formation

Answer 13

any remaining unassociated consonats to the right of each nucleus forms the coda, it is then associated with the syllable nucleus, making up the rhyme (C is linked to the symbol above them)

Question 14

open syllable

Answer 14

one not linked to a coda

Question 15

closed syllable

Answer 15

a syllable with a coda

Question 16

Sonority requirement

Answer 16

In basic syllables, sonority rises before the nucleus and declines after it

Question 17

Binarity Requirement

Answer 17

Within basic syllables, each constituent can be at most binary (branching into two) meaning that an onset or coda cant contain more than 2 consonants

Question 18

word edges

Answer 18

when extra consonats are tacked onto a word they are either at the beginning or end (not middle)

Question 19

extra consonants

Answer 19

In English, only s can serve as the third consonant in the onset or coda (you have to draw these outside the onset or coda with a branching line)

Question 20

stress placement

Answer 20

english is sensitive to yllable weight which is determined by the composition of the rhyme

Question 21

heavy syllable

Answer 21

the ryhme cosnsits of a vowel + either a glide or a consonant (V+G is a complex nucleus)

Question 22

light syllable

Answer 22

the rhyme consists of just a vowel or of a syllabic consonant (bee)

Question 23

basic rule for nouns

Answer 23

basic stress rule for nouns with more than one syllable is that stress falls on the penultimate syllable (kidney)

Question 24

rule for nouns longer than 2 syllables

Answer 24

we find stress on the penultimate syllable if heavy but if not, it falls on the antepenultimate syllable (analysis)

Question 25

natural classes

Answer 25

groups of sounds with similar properties (obstruents in English they share [-sonorant])

Question 26

allophonic variation

Answer 26

not simply the substitution of one allophone for another but rather environmentally conditioned change or specification of a feature

Question 27

major class features

Answer 27

features that repersent the classes, consonant, obstruent, and sonorant

Question 28

+/-consonantal

Answer 28

+ are sounds that are consonantal, produced with a major construction in the vocal tract (all consonants are + but [h] and [?]

Question 29

+/-syllabic

Answer 29

sounds that act as syllabic nuclei are + (including syllabic liquids and nasals)

Question 30

+/-sonorant

Answer 30

all and only those sounds that are “singable” are + including vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals (all obstreunts are -)

Question 31

manner features

Answer 31

features that repersent manner of articulation

Question 32

+/-continuant

Answer 32

sounds produced with free or nearly free airflow through the air cavity (vowelsm glides, liquids, and fricatives are +) (nasal and oral stops, and affricates are -)

Question 33

+/-delyaed release

Answer 33

when the tongue is slower levaing teh roof it is considered a delayed release (affricates like [tʃ] and [dʒ] are +)

Question 34

+/-nasal

Answer 34

sounds produced with a lowered velum, nasal stops and all nasalized sounds are +

Question 35

+/-lateral

Answer 35

all and only varietie sof L are +

Question 36

Laryngeal Features

Answer 36

voicing, aspriation, and glottal condtriction ate all a result of laryngeal activity

Question 37

+/-voice

Answer 37

all voiced sounds are + all voiceless are -

Question 38

+/-spread glottis

Answer 38

all aspriated consonants and [h] are +

This feature reflects that aspiration occurs when the vocal folds remain open after the release of a consonants closure

Question 39

+/-constricted glottis

Answer 39

all sounds made with a closed glottis are + (the only glottal stop in English is [?])

Question 40

Articulatory Features

Answer 40

identifies the artiuclators that are active in production of particular sounds

Question 41

Labial

Answer 41

for artuclations involving the lips, displays the +/-round

Question 42

coronal

Answer 42

for articulations involve the tongue tip or tongue blade

Question 43

dorsal

Answer 43

for articulations involving the tongue body, this adopts high and back positions

Question 44

+/-round

Answer 44

a sound produced with the labial articulator may be produced by protruding lips

Question 45

+/-anterior

Answer 45

all coronal sounds articulated in front of the alveopalatal region are + (anything at or behind the alveopalatal region is -)

Question 46

+/-strident

Answer 46

all “noisy” coronal frictaives and affricates [s,z,ʒ,dʒ,tʃ] are +, any other fricatives or affricates [ð, θ] are -

Question 47

+/-high

Answer 47

dorsal consonants (velars and palatals) and vowels produced with the tongue body raised are +

Question 48

+/-low

Answer 48

vowels produced with the tongue body lowered are + (this feature isn’t needed for consonants in English but may be needed fro uvular or pharengyal sounds)

Question 49

+/-back

Answer 49

dorsal consonants and vowels produced with the tongue bodu behind the palatal region (hard palate) are +

Question 50

+/-tense

Answer 50

vowels that are tense are +

Question 51

+/-reduced

Answer 51

the vowel schwa [ə] is lax and exceptionally brief vowel which makes it [+] (all others are -)

Question 52

phonological representations

Answer 52

underlying representation - consisting of phonemes and infro about contrasts

Question 53

phonetic representations

Answer 53

made up of allophones and details about pronounciation

Question 54

phonological rules

Answer 54

apply to phonological repersentataions to derive the phonetic representation by filling in the various predictable details that contribute to pronounciation