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LIN1315 - Intro to Linguistics > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Vocal Organs

A

Lungs, Trachea, Larynx, Pharynx, Oral Cavity, Nasal Cavity

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2
Q

3 mechanisms of speech production

A

Respiration, Phonation, Articulation

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3
Q

Respiration

A

energy source of air supply, air pressure is maintained by the intercostals and diaphragm, many speech sounds are pulmonic egressive (sound that comes from air flowing out)

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4
Q

Articulation

A

the sound filter, how sound is modified into speech

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5
Q

Phonation

A

the sound source - converts air flow to sound, air flows up the trachea -> larynx -> vocal folds and vibrate (which change into different glottal states)

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6
Q

Glottal States

A

Vocal fry, Falsetto, Modal, Voiceless, Voiced, Whisper, Murmur

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7
Q

Falsetto

A

vocal folds are pressed together leaving a think space for air to leave - high pitch

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8
Q

Modal

A

regular speech sound - combination of voiced and voiceless

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9
Q

Voiceless

A

When the vocal folds are pulled apart and air can pass through the glottis with no interference - initial sound of fish

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10
Q

Voiced

A

When the vocal folds are pulled close but not completely together - air passes through and vibrates (initial sound of zip)

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11
Q

Whisper

A

voiceless sound - vocal folds are adjusted so that the front portions ate pulled close and the back are apart

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12
Q

Murmur

A

breathy voice - voiced sounds abut are relaxed enough to allow air to escape (initial sound of ghee)

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13
Q

Main Speech Organs

A

lungs, vocal cords, tongue, teeth, lips, nose

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14
Q

lungs

A

supply air for speech

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15
Q

vocal cords

A

produce vibrations for speech sounds

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16
Q

tongue

A

articulates vowels and consonants

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17
Q

teeth

A

provides place of articulation for consonants

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18
Q

lips

A

articulates vowels and consonants

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19
Q

nose

A

provides nasal resonance during speech

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20
Q

Sound classes

A

vowels, consonants, glides (share properties of both V and C)

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21
Q

Articulatory difference

A

with vowels there is very little obstruction in the vocal tract and are usually voiced.
with consonants there may be a complete or narrowing closure, air is usually restricted, may be voiced or voiceless

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22
Q

Acoustic Difference

A

Vowels are more sonorous and we percieve them as longer lasting and louder

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23
Q

syllable

A

peak of sonority surrounded bt less sonorous segemnets (we count the syllables in words by the main vowels - laughing = 2)

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24
Q

Nucleus

A

a vowel is sometimes referred to as the nucleus of the syllable

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25
Q

glides

A

rapidly articulated nonsyllabic segement - produce the articulation of a vowel but quickly terminate or move to another articulation (end sound in boy or initial sound in wet)

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26
Q

Tongue articulation

A

tip, blade, body, back, dorsum, root

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27
Q

tip of tongue

A

narrow area ay the front

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28
Q

tongue blade

A

part just behind the lip

29
Q

tongue body

A

main mass

30
Q

tongue back

A

hindmost part that lies in the mouth (not the throat)

31
Q

dorsum

A

the body and back joint together

32
Q

tongue root

A

contained in the upper part of the throat (the pharynx)

33
Q

places of articulation

A

lips, oral cavity, in the phraynx, at the glottis

34
Q

labial sounds

A

any sound made with the closure or near closure of the lips

35
Q

labiodentals

A

sounds involving the lower lip and upper teeth (initial sound of fire)

36
Q

bilabials

A

sounds involving both lips (intial sound of peer)

37
Q

dentals

A

phones produced with the tongue places agaisnt or neat the teeth (initial sound of the french word dire)

38
Q

interdentals

A

sounds when the tongue is place between the teeth (initial sound of this)

39
Q

alveolar

A

sound made when the tongue is pressing or behind the alveolar ridge (initial sound of deer)

40
Q

alveopalatal

A

when the tongue is pressed on the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge (initial sound of show or chip)

41
Q

palatals

A

the highest part of the roof of the moth is the palate, when the tongue is near this area it makes palatal sounds (yes is a palatal glide)

42
Q

velar

A

the soft area at the roof of the mouth is the velum, sound made when touching or near it are velars (initial sound of call or guy)

43
Q

labiovelar

A

when the tongue body is raised to the velum and the lips are rounded (the glide wet)

44
Q

uvular

A

the small fleshy flap that hangs from the velar - sounds that come from this area
(The French r in faire)

45
Q

pharyngeal

A

sounds made through modification of airflow in this region by retracting the tongue or constrincting the pharynx (found in dialects of Arabic)

46
Q

glottal

A

sounds produced using the vocal folds as primary articulators (initial sound of heave or the British pronunciation of bottle)

47
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

oral, nasal, stop, fricative, affricates, stridents, aspirated, unaspirated, unreleased stops, liquids, laterals

48
Q

oral phones

A

when the velum is raised to block airflow to the nasal cavity

49
Q

nasal phones

A

when the velum is lowered, both vowel and consonants can be nasal - most nasal vowels are due to their proximity to nasal consonants

50
Q

stops

A

made with complete closure of oral cavity or glottis

The glottal stop is found in the word “uh-uh” and is voiceless

51
Q

fricatives

A

consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth, belong to the continuants class (contains vowels and glides), accompanied by a continuous audible noise because air passes through a small point at the glottis

52
Q

alveolar fricatives

A

some people raise the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge and allow air to pass through the grooved channel in the tongue

Others use the blade of the tongue with the tip placed behind the front teeth

53
Q

affricates

A

when stop articulation is released, teh tongue moves rapidly away from the place of articulation (non-continuant consonants show a slow release)
English has 2 alveoplatal affricates (church and jump)

54
Q

Stridents

A

the acoustic criertia to descibe fricatives and affricates on loudness
(nosier = strident, quieter = non-strident)

55
Q

Aspiration

A

after the release of certain voicless stops you can hear a brief delay and release of air before the next vowel voicing
(transcribed as superscript h)

56
Q

unreleased stops

A

these words do nor release the word-final stops at all (cap, pot, back) phonetic symbol is a raised [ ̚]

57
Q

liquids

A

oral sonorus consonats (L and R)

58
Q

Lateral L

A

articulated with the tip of teh ongue touching the alveolar ridge while air escapes along the lowered sides of the tongue, usually voiced

59
Q

voiceless laterals

A

the voiceless dental or alveolar lateral is written with the diacritic (n̥)

60
Q

Lateral R

A

made by rolling the tongue tip nack and bunching the tongue upward and back in the mouth (retroflex [ride])
when the tongue strikes the alveolar ridge as it quickly passes across (flap - the 2 t’s in [bitter])

61
Q

syallbic liquids and nasals

A

more sonorous than other consonants and more like vowels - they function as the syllabic nuclei

62
Q

vowel qualities

A

produced by varying the placemnet of thebody of the tongue and shaping the lips (the tip of the tongue is always behind the lower teeth)

63
Q

vowel descriptions

A

tense, height, backness, roundness

64
Q

Simple vowels

A

dont show a noticable change in quality during articulation (pit, dog)

65
Q

diphthongs

A

vowels that exhibit a change in quality during articulation (due to tongue movemney away from the initial vowel articulation toward the glide position)

66
Q

minor diphthongs

A

the change in position is less dramatic (ej) (ow)

67
Q

major diphthongs

A

have a larger change in articulation that make it easier to hear (aj) (oj) (aw)

68
Q

mid vowels

A

vowels where the tongue is neither raised nor lowered (first vowel of frame is mid front)
(first vowel of code is mid back)

LIN1315 - Intro to Linguistics (5 decks)

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