Morphology Flashcards
bound morpheme
a morpheme that must be attached to another element
free morpheme
a morpheme that can be a word itself
allomorph
the variant pronunciation of a morpheme (an and a or the plural pronounciation in cats, dogs, and judges)
root
constitutes of the core of the word and carries the major meaning
base
tje form to which an affix is added
prefix
an affix that is attached to the front of a word
suffix
an affix that is attached to the end of its base
infix
a type of affix that occurs within another morpheme (not seen in English)
derivation
uses an affix to build a word with a meaning or category distinct from its base (sell –> seller)
class 1 affix
often trigger changes in the pronunciation of the bases consonants and vowels, may affect stress placement
class 2 affix
tend to be phonologically neutral, have no impact on the segmental makeup of the base or stress placement
compounding
a common technique for word building in English (the combination of 2 already existing words)
head
the morpheme that determines the category of the entire word
endocentric compounds
a compound that denoyes a subtype of the concept denoted by its head (dog food is a type of food)
exocentric compounds
the meaning of the compound does not follow from the meaning of its parts (redneck isnt a type of neck)
inflection
the modification of a words form to indicate grammatical info of various sorts, expressed through affixation
4 criteria to differentiate
category change, order, productivity, semantic transparency
category change
inflection doesn’t change either the syntactic category or the type of meaning
order
derivational affixes msut be closer to the base than inflectional affixes (inflection applies to the output of derivation)
productivity
inflectional affixes are more productive than derivational (the suffix s can combine with almost all nouns) (the derivational -ize can only bond to restricted classes)
semantic transparency
the contribution of an inflectional suffix usually gives transparent and consistent meaning
case inflection
indicates a words grammatical role in the sentence (subject, direct object)
agreement
takes place when one word is inflected to match certain grammatical properties of another word
internal change
the process that substitutes one non-morphemic segment for another to mark a grammatical contrast
ablaut
often used for vowel alterations that mark grammatical contrasts
suppletion
replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast (have –> had, avoir –>eu)
partial suppletion
a type of alternation that is treated as an extreme form of internal change
(seek–>sought)
reduplication
a common morphological process in some languages which marks a grammatical or semantic contrast by speaking all or part of the base to which it applies (cabuk = quick cabuk cabuk = quickly)
partial reduplication
copies only part of the base (takbo = run tatakbo = will run)
tone replacement
used to make a distinction between past and future tense
dá = spanked, dà = will spank
cliticization
morphemes that behave like words in terms of meaning but can’t stand on their own and must be paired with a host (they’re)
conversion
the process that assigns an already existing word to a new syntactic category (butter (N) butter [the bread] (V))
clipping
the process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more of the syllables (prof for professor)
blending
creates words from non-morphemic parts of 2 already existing items (froyo, wifi)
backformation
the process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affic from another word in a language (donate from donation)
acronyms
formed by taking the initial letters of the words in a phrase and pronouncing them as a word (NATO)
initialisms
formed by taking the first letter of each title and saying the letters in concession
