Phonological Processes (from TA) Flashcards
Distinctive Features - Place
Labial; Labiodental
[+round]
[+labiodental]
Distinctive Features - Place
Coronal
[+anterior]
for alveolar forward and interdental-palatal
Consonants articulated with tip of tongue
Distinctive Features - Place
dorsal
[+back]
[+high]
[+low]
velars
Vowel Features
high
low
back
round
Distinctive Features - Manner:
Syllabic
syllabic consonants /m, n, l/ and vowels
in the English words rhythm, button and bottle
Distinctive Features - Manner:
consonantal
all consonants except glides
Distinctive Features - Manner:
sonorant
vowels, glides, liquids, nasals
Distinctive Features - Manner:
continuant
fricatives, glides, liquids
Distinctive Features - Manner:
vocalic
all sonorants, vowels
Distinctive Features - Manner:
strident
Fricatives (not interdental) and affricates
Distinctive Features - Manner:
lateral
/l/
Distinctive Features - Manner:
nasal
/n/, /m/, /ng/
Distinctive Features - Manner:
tense vowels
/i,e,u,o,ɑ,ɔ,ɝ/
Distinctive Features - Manner:
voice
+/-
Phonological Process - syllable structure
syllable deletion
syllable deletion: deletion of unstressed syllable
Phonological Process - syllable structure
consonant deletion
consonant deletion: deletion of final consonant (most common); initial consonant (idiosyncratic)
Phonological Process - syllable structure
reduplication
reduplication: partial or total repetition of a syllable
eg wawa
Phonological Process - syllable structure
consonant cluster reduction
cluster reduction: total deletion or reduction of cluster
Phonological Process - syllable structure
Epenthesis
Epenthesis: inserting vowel (typically /ə/) between 2 consonants or final position or initial position
Phonological Process - substitution
Stopping
Stopping: replace fricative or affricate with stop or replace continuent with stop, nasal or affricate
Phonological Process - substitution
velar fronting
velar fronting: replacing a velar /k g ŋ/ with more anterior phoneme particularly alveolar /t d n/
Phonological Process - substitution
Palatal fronting
palatal fronting: replacing palatal fricative /ʃ ʒ/ with alveolar fricative /s z/
Phonological Process - substitution
affrication aka deaffrication
alveolar affrication: replacing affricate/tʃ dʒ/ with non-affricate
Affricate —> nonaffricate
Phonological Process - substitution
backing
backing: replacing anterior consonant with posterior consonant
Idiosyncratic process
Phonological Process - substitution
stridency deletion
stirdency deletion: deleting or replacing strident /f v s z ʃ ʒ ʈʃ dʒ/ with nonstrident
Phonological Process - substitution
deaffrication
deaffrication: affricate —> fricative
replacing affricate with fricative
doesn’t have to be in same place
Phonological Process - substitution
gliding
gliding: replacing liquids with glides
Phonological Process - substitution
vowelization/ vocalization
replacing syllabic liquids /l/ with vowels
Phonological Process - assimilation
velar
alveolar /t d s z n/ –> velar /k g ŋ/
Phonological Process - assimilation
labial
nonlabial –> labial
Phonological Process - assimilation
alveolar
nonalveolar –> alveolar /t d s z n l/
Phonological Process - assimilation
nasal
non-nasal –> nasal
Phonological Process - assimilation
prevocalic voicing
voiceless –> voiced before vowel
Phonological Process - assimilation
final consonant/postvocalic devoicing
voiced –> voiceless after vowel
Phonological Process - assimilation
coalescence
features from 2 adjacent sounds combine into 1 sound
Phonological Process - atypical cluster reduction
deletion of sound usually retained
/pleɪ/ –> [leɪ]
/peɪ/ is the typical reduction because /l/ is a later developing sound
/trʌk –> [rʌk] is atypical because /r/ is later developing
/trʌk –> [tʌk] is typical reduction
Phonological Process - initial consonant reduction (atypical)
initial consonant (SIWI) reduction is atypical
final consonant (SFWF) deletion is common
Phonological Process - medial consonant reduction (atypical)
deletion of intervocalic consonant
/biɾəl/ –> [bioʊ/
more common to form a substitution in medial not delete phoneme entirely
Phonological Processes - Apicalization (atypical)
a labial is replaced by an apical (tongue tip) consonant
/boʊ/ –> [doʊ]
Phonological Processes - backing of stops (atypical)
replace anterior stop with posterior stop
/toʊ/ –> [koʊ]
fronting is common; backing is not
backing is PLACE change usually velar
Phonological Processes - backing of fricative (atypical)
replace anterior fricative /f v θ ð s z/ with posterior fricative /ʃ, ʒ/
more common children bring articulation forward and take an affricate and turn it into a fricative
less common to form palatal from an alveolar sound like alveolar fricative /s/ becomes palatal fricative /ʃ/
Phonological Processes - glottal replacement (atypical)
replace medial or final (usually stop consonant) with glottal stop
stopping is maintained but brought so far back to glottal
Phonological Processes - medial consonant substituions (atypical)
replace intervocalic consonant with one or more phonemes
/bʌɾɚ/ –> [bʌjə]
Phonological Processes - denasalization (atypical)
nasal replaced with non-nasal
manner change
Phonological Processes - devoicing of stops (atypical)
replaced voiced stop /b d g/ with voiceless /p t k/ (usually stop) in INITIAL position (SIWI)
devoicing FINAL consonant stop is typical
devoicing INITIAL stop is atypical
Phonological Processes - fricatives replacing stops (atypical)
stop –> fricative
early developing stop is replaced by later developing fricative
Phonological Processes - stops replaced glides (atypical)
glide –> stop (atypical)
Stop —> glide (typical)
Phonological Processes - Metathesis (atypical)
reversal of position of 2 sounds - may or may not be adjacent
“most’ –> /moʊst/ –> [moʊts]
common idiosyncratic process
Phonological Processes - Migration (atypical)
movement of sound from one position in a word to another
/soʊp/ –> [poʊs]
Phonological Processes - stops replacing liquids (atypical)
liquids /l r/ –> stop
Phonological Processes - vowel backing (feature change)
front vowels replaced with back (posterior) vowels
/æ/ –> [ɑ]
Phonological Processes - vowel lowering (feature change)
high vowel replaced with low vowel
/ɪ/ –> [ɛ]
Phonological Processes - vowel centralization (feature change)
vowel replaced with more central vowel
/e/ –> [ʌ]
Phonological Processes - vowel surrounding (feature change)
vowel that is normally rounded /u ʊ o ɔ/is produced without rounding
Phonological Processes - dipthongization (complexity change)
monothong produced as dipthong
Phonological Processes - dipthong reduction (complexity change)
dipthong reduced to monothong
Phonological Processes - complete vowel harmony
one vowel is changed so that both vowels in the word are the same
vowel harmony = vowel assimilation
Phonological Processes - tenseness harmony
lax vowels becomes tense when there is another tense vowel in the same word
vowel harmony = vowel assimilation
Phonological Processes - height vowel harmony
when vowel is replaced with a vowel that is closer in production to the height of another vowel in the word
both vowels are high or both vowels are ow or both vowels are centralized
vowel harmony = vowel assimilation
Phonological Processes - consonant-vowel harmony
vowel change due to the neighboring consonant
example: vowel becomes more forward if adjacent consonant is more forward
vowel harmony = vowel assimilation
Phonological Processes - Derhoticization
loss of /r/ coloring in consonants and vowels
/ɝ ɚ/ –> [ə]
Phonological Processes - Reduction of rhotic dipthongs
simplification of rhotic dipthongs
Rhotic Dipthongs: ɔɚ ɑɚ ɛɚ uɚ
order of acquisition of sounds
- nasals
- stops
- glides
- fricatives
- liquids
- affricates
Never Say Girls Fight Like Amateurs
process by which velars and palatals are replaced by alveolars
fronting
place of articulation moves from back to front of mouth
type of reduplication that occurs when the two syllables are not identical
partial
process suggested by the deletion of an /s/ regardless of word position
stridency deletion
process by which labials or interdentals are replaced by alveolar sounds
alveolarization
/f/ –> [s] or /θ/ –> [s]
process that affects both of the liquids /l, r/
gliding
EX: /stov/ –> [tov]
cluster deletion/reduction
process suggested by the replacement of an /s/ –> /ʃ/
palatalization
group that includes nasals, glides and liquids
sonorants
syllable typically deleted in syllable deletion
weak
process suggested by the replacement of /tʃ/ –> /s/
deaffrication
category made up of the fricatives, affricates and stops
obstruents
EX: /bot/ –> [ot]
intial-consonant deletion
EX: /to/ –> [ko]
backing or velarization
place in which /w, p, f/
labial
dipthongs
/aɪ/ "bye" /ɔɪ/ "boy" /ɑʊ/ "cow" /eɪ/ "bait" /oʊ/ "rope"
