Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is syllable/word structure analysis

A

Consonants and vowels

of syllables
CV - open syllable
CVC - closed syllable

/bit/ → CVC
/brek/ → CCVC

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2
Q

What is a word-position analysis

A

The number of times a sound is produced in word position

Model replica chart

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3
Q

Consonant position within a word

A

Initial
Medial
Final

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4
Q

Consonant position within a syllable

A

SIWI: syllable initial word initial
SIWW: syllable initial word within
SFWF: syllable final word final
SFWW: syllable final word within

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5
Q

Consonant position in relation to the vowel

A

Prevocalic: before vowel
Postvocalic: after vowel (the final consonant in a word is postvocalic)
Intervocalic: between vowels

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6
Q

What is a syllable

A

Smallest grouping of segments

Each syllable has a peak (vowel) but may not always have onset (beginning of syllable with consonant) and coda (ending syllable with consonant)

Rime = peak + coda
Rime = peak (when open syllable)
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7
Q

Define distinctive feature

A

Any phonetic characteristic of a group of sounds which serves to distinguish that group from another group of sounds

Phonemes can be broken down into a group of features to distinguish one from the other

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8
Q

Major CLASS features - relates to MANNER of production

A
[+Syllabic] 
[+Consonantal] 
[+Sonorant] 
[+Strident]
[+Lateral]
[+Nasal]
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9
Q

[+Syllabic]

A

Form the nucleus of a syllable

Vowels and glides

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10
Q

[+Consonantal]

A

Produced with a narrow (continuant) or complete constriction (interrupted) in vocal tract

All consonants except glides

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11
Q

[+Sonorant]

A

Vocal tract configuration allows for spontaneous voicing

Vowels, glides, liquids, nasals

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12
Q

[+Strident]

A

Noisy sounds produced by forcing the airstream though a small opening resulting in production of intense noise

Fricatives (not interdentals) and affricates

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13
Q

[+Lateral]

A

Point of constriction is midline

Lateral liquid /l/

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14
Q

Major PLACE features - relates to PLACE of articulation

A

[+Labial] - level of lips
[+Coronal} - tip of tongue
[+Dorsal] - posterior oral cavity

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15
Q

What are the two distinctive features that describe vowels?

A

All vowels are sonorant and vocalic and differ by cavity features —> articulatory range within oral cavity

Class - sonorant and vocalic
Cavity - high low back rounded

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16
Q

All vowels are…

A

Voiced
Non-nasal
Influenced by surrounding sounds (coarticulation)

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17
Q

SSD can result from impairments in…

A
Sensory
Structural 
Motor
Syndrome
Phonological
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18
Q

What are the 2 etiological factors for SSD

A

Organic - neurological, structural or physical

Functional - the cause in TD children can not be determined

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19
Q

What is a phonetic disorder

A

Errors in speech sound production/articulation caused by motor issues

Phonemic contrast is preserved

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20
Q

What is a phonological disorder

A

Difficulty using phonemes to differentiate meaning

Loss of phonemic contrast

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21
Q

What is prosody

A

Stress and intonation

A suprasegmental aspect of speech that contributes to speech sounding natural

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22
Q

Segmentals vs suprasegmentals

A

Segmentals: sounds and features (phonemes), word position

Suprasegmentals: elements of speech above the sounds
stress, prosody, syllable # (prosodic), word length

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23
Q

What are the 2 main contexts for prosody

A

Phrasal stress aka sentential stress

Lexical stress

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24
Q

Lexical stress vs phrasal stress

A

Phrasal stress - produced across a sentence or phrase to emphasizing words to make a point Impacts how phrase is understood

Lexical stress- word stress of any word that is 2 or more syllables; multisyllabic words can have more than one level of stress - primary or secondary

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25
What is trochaic stress
Sw Emphasis on 1st syllable Left footed
26
What is iambic stress
wS Emphasis on 2nd syllable Right footed “giraffe”
27
true/false: Iambic and trochaic stress can only be used for 2 syllable words
true
28
What is an independent analysis
Children production independent of the adult form (does not look at errors!) Looks at what sounds child is producing and NOT comparing the results to adult target Procedure - speech sample provides opportunities for child to produce all sounds in all word positions - phonetic repertoire Analyze - PMV patterns, productive, marginal, absent phonemes, vowel analysis, word position
29
In an independent analysis, what are productive marginal and absent phonemes
Productive: 3+ Marginal: 1-2 Absent: 0
30
What is Model and Replica Chart
Examines what child is capable of Organized according to word position, word place and manner of articulation Calculate the frequency of occurrence of each phoneme in the SIWI, SIWW, SFWF and SFWW positions
31
What is the Model and Replica Chart application to therapy
Analyze segments in all position of single words instead of only one position at a time The chart reveals - phonetic inventory - matches - variability - error patterns (not a focus in independent analysis)
32
Percent Consonant Correct (PCC)
Determine the number of consonants produced correctly and compare to total number of consonants Scale is an index of intelligibility
33
What does a 3rd percentile mean?
97% of children the same age scored better than client’s standard score About 2 standard deviations below mean
34
What’s happening at the mean of Bell shaped curve
The center line (the highest point of the bell curve is the mean and is where most people scored. The standard score is 100 Mean is 50th percentile
35
What is a dynamic assessment
An active process to examine child’s speech production. Clinician taxes the system by providing input to facilitate accurate production and assesses the child’s response to that input
36
What are phonological processes
A way of examining regularly occurring systematic errors in speech A way to simplify the adult target word The greater # of phonological processes the less intelligible
37
3 phonological models used to classify phonological patterns
Phonological processes Phonological rules Phonological constraints
38
3 types of phonological processes
Syllable structure processes Substitution processes Assimilation processes
39
Describe Syllable structure processes
Processes that alter CV syllable structure A systematic reduction mostly affecting deletion of unstressed syllable If the syllable structure changes from what was intended
40
4 main syllable structure processes
Initial or final consonant deletion Reduplication Consonant cluster reduction/deletion Epenthesis
41
Define substitution processes
Changing or replacing one phoneme into a different phoneme; change in class of sounds
42
What are the 8 substitution processes
``` Stopping Fronting (atypical) Backing Stridency deletion Deaffrication Depalatalization Gliding Vowelization/vocalization ```
43
What is assimilation
Underlying concept: sounds are influenced by one another causing feature spreading between sounds One sound will change to more similar to a surrounding phoneme
44
Total assimilation
A phoneme is completely repeated in a word in a place where it hadn’t been /bɛd/ → [bɛb]
45
Partial assimilation
Changed to a more similar form with shared features but not identical phoneme /θeɪnk/ → [geɪnk]
46
Direction of assimilation
Progressive - phoneme that causes sound change comes first /koʊt/ → [koʊk] Regressive - phoneme that causes sound change follows /teɪk/ → [keɪk]
47
4 types of assimilation
Velar - /teɪk/ → [keɪk] Alveolar → velar Labial - /boʊn/ → [boʊm] nonlabial → labial Alveolar -/tɑp/ → [tɑt] Nonalveolar → alveolar Nasal - /gʌn/ → [nʌn] Non-nasal → nasal
48
Prevocalic voicing
VL → V preceding a vowel
49
Postvocalic devoicing
V → VL at end of syllable/word aka final consonant devoicing
50
Coalescence
Two adjacent sounds combine to form one sound (total assimilation)
51
Contiguous vs Noncontiguous assimilation
Contiguous - adjacent segment Noncontiguous - nonadjacent segments (features spread over vowel
52
Define and name a few idiosyncratic processes
Error patterns that have not been documented in normal children or that occur infrequently in the normal population Replacing early sound with later developing sound ``` Atypical cluster reduction Initial cluster deletion Medial consonant deletion Apicalization Denasalization Metathesis Migration ```
53
What is apicalization
Idiosyncratic process where a labial replaced by an coronal consonant Labial —> coronal
54
What is metathesis
Idiosyncratic process :The reversal of position of two sounds; may or may not be adjacent /moʊst/ → [moʊts]
55
What is migration
Idiosyncratic process: the movement of a sound from one position in a word to another
56
Name the 4 types of vowel feature changes
Vowel backing Vowel lowering Centralization Vowel surrounding
57
The 2 types of vowel complexity changes
Diphthongization - monophthong → dipthong Dipthong reduction - dipthong → monophthong (more common)
58
Name the 4 types of VOWEL HARMONY (vowel assimilation)
Complete vowel harmony - one vowel changes so both vowels in the word are the same Tenseness harmony - lax → tense Height vowel harmony - one vowel changes so both vowels in the word are the same height Consonant-vowel harmony - vowel changes due to features of neighboring consonant
59
What is derhoticization and reduction of rhotic diphthongs
Derhoticization - loss of /r/ coloring in consonants and vowels Reduction of rhotic diphthongs - simplification of rhotic diphthongs /ɔɚ/ → [a] or [ʌ]
60
What is derivation
The process by which sounds are simplified and changed within a word Process helps to understand the order of change How we get from underlying representation (target) to surface representation (production) Always consider changes in PMV → can’t make all the changes in one step → break it down
61
Define constraint and repair
In children, constraints are the limitations specific to their phonological system. Involves consonants and vowels and the features associated Repairs, are the way the child adjusts pronunciation in order to accommodate the limitations
62
4 types of sequence constraints
- Consonant cluster sequences - Consonant s separated by vowels - Consonant-vowel sequences - Vowels separated by consonants
63
Sequence constraint: consonant cluster Examines word position and segments contained in cluster
Repair: assimilation - makes two elements the same because similar in place of articulation /l,r/ → [w] reversal - changes the order of elements child repairs consonant cluster restraint by using assimilation or reversal to make the phonemes more closely related. example: /plan/ to /lan/ because /l/ and /n/ are more similar than /p/ and /n/
64
Sequence constraint: consonants separated by vowels Consonants influence each other even though they are separated by a vowel (noncontiguous sequence)
Repair: avoid the sequence by making elements more similar in one direction or another Ex: difficulty producing coronal-labial sequence so repairs by making both phonemes labial
65
Sequence constraint: consonant-vowel Adjacent consonants and vowels can influence each other (CV place sequence)
Two types of interaction: Place-feature - consonant can only be produced when adjacent to a particular vowel Vowel height - vowel height can impact consonant production
66
Sequence constraint: vowels separated by consonants This constraint only influences vowels; vowels can influence each other even if separated by consonants
Constraint: two different vowels may not be allowed across consonants Repair: Vowel harmony - vowel is repeated Total reduplication - syllable to repeated
67
syllable constraint: all syllables require an onset
Repair: Insert a consonant Delete a vowel Eliminate a boundary
68
Sequence constraints look at what variable?
Where the error pattern is occurring in phonetic environment/context E.g. /r/ is produced SIWI but not in a cluster
69
Syllable constraint: all consonants must be in a syllable
Repair: Delete consonant (cluster reduction) Insert a vowel (epenthesis)
70
Syllable Constraint: syllable requires onset
Repair: | Insert/add consonant
71
Stress Constraint: every foot must be Sw
Repair: Insert a vowel to add an additional syllable Delete syllable or make weak syllable strong
72
Word length Constraint: only one foot is allowed
Repair: Delete a foot Make one foot unstressed
73
4 types of basic constraints and processes
- Delete - Insert - Spread (assimilation) - Delink (delete line from existing feature)
74
Define faithfulness and provide examples
faithfulness: pronounce words as close to adult production as possible Deleting segments - less faithful Substitutions - more faithful
75
How to validate phonological process
Errors have an opportunity to occur in at least 4 instances AND errors has to occur in at least 20% of items that could be affected
76
What is Process Density Index (PDI)
- How many processes are occurring per word; - measure of intelligibility; - the more processes occurring on a word, the higher the PDI → the lower intelligibility Inverse relationship between PDI and PCC; as PDI increases, PCC decreases
77
How to calculate PDI
Calculate PDI: # of phonological processes in sample divided by Total # of words in sample /fɪʃ/ → [bɪt] → 4 processes /f/ → [b] → initial voicing plus stopping /ʃ/ → [t] → depalatalization plus stopping 4/1 → PDI score of 4
78
How do PMV apply to Distinctive Feature Changes
Always transcribe into IPA first! Match place, manner or voicing change with the appropriate distinctive feature “Nose” → “doze” /noz/ → [doz] Nasal → stop → manner change
79
What is chronological mismatch
Not producing early developing sound and replacing with later developing sound Producing more complicated phoneme while not producing a simpler phoneme Affricates are later developing sound
80
What is stress and how are stress and syllables related
Duration, intensity and pitch Stressed syllables: strong Unstressed syllables: weak Syllables are grouped together into a higher-order unit called foot. A foot has one stressed syllable. 1-2 syllable words have one foot
81
What is a prosodic foot
Syllable grouping with one primary stress Sw or wS syllable → one prosodic foot
82
What is primary stress and secondary stress in prosodic hierarchy
occurs on multisyllabic words Primary stress (S) - syllable with greatest level of stress Secondary stress (s) - feet with stress but not weak "kangaroo" /keɪn.gə.rʊo/ swS "avenue" /æ.və.nu/ Sws
83
What is prosodic hierarchy in nonlinear phonology and what are the two main tiers
nonlinear phonology: Hierarchical organization of words, syllables, segments and features Two main tiers: Prosodic - words and word structure Segmental - segments (tiers) and features
84
What is prosodic hierarchy
``` Word Foot Syllable Onset-rime Skeletal Segmental ```
85
Assessing co-articulatory effect
Speech sample; not single word test
86
Processes that are eliminated early
Weak syllable deletion, reduplication, voicing contrast, final consonant deletion
87
Linear phonology vs nonlinear phonology
Linear phonology - focuses on sound level and how sounds are strung together; focuses on what processes are removed Nonlinear phonology - looks at speech in hierarchies; focusing on segment (phonemes) AND suprasegmentals (the features that make up segments); additive focus
88
What are the 3 nodes in the segmental tier in nonlinear phonology
Root - manner of articulation Laryngeal - +/- voicing Place - place of articulation
89
Stress and Vowels
/ə/ is never stressed | /ʌ ɜ˞/ and diphthongs are always stressed
90
When last foot has two syllables, the word is often
Right prominent (iambic) wS
91
When both feet have only one syllable, primary stress is on the…
Final foot sS
92
If the first foot has two syllables and the final foot has only one, then the word is generally…
left prominent (trochaic) Sws
93
Identify multiple processes on a single word
Independent analysis: Is it a Manner change? Place change? Voicing change?
94
Given a child’s constraint, identify a possible repair
Look at whole sample
95
Identify a manner/voice/place change, corresponding distinctive feature change and corresponding phonological process change
Corresponding phonological change - What is the manner change? So don’t talk about voicing changes
96
True or false: devoicing FINAL consonant stop is typical devoicing INITIAL stop is atypical
True
97
True or false: Fronting is typical Backing is atypical
True