Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
What is syllable/word structure analysis
Consonants and vowels
of syllables
CV - open syllable
CVC - closed syllable
/bit/ → CVC
/brek/ → CCVC
What is a word-position analysis
The number of times a sound is produced in word position
Model replica chart
Consonant position within a word
Initial
Medial
Final
Consonant position within a syllable
SIWI: syllable initial word initial
SIWW: syllable initial word within
SFWF: syllable final word final
SFWW: syllable final word within
Consonant position in relation to the vowel
Prevocalic: before vowel
Postvocalic: after vowel (the final consonant in a word is postvocalic)
Intervocalic: between vowels
What is a syllable
Smallest grouping of segments
Each syllable has a peak (vowel) but may not always have onset (beginning of syllable with consonant) and coda (ending syllable with consonant)
Rime = peak + coda Rime = peak (when open syllable)
Define distinctive feature
Any phonetic characteristic of a group of sounds which serves to distinguish that group from another group of sounds
Phonemes can be broken down into a group of features to distinguish one from the other
Major CLASS features - relates to MANNER of production
[+Syllabic] [+Consonantal] [+Sonorant] [+Strident] [+Lateral] [+Nasal]
[+Syllabic]
Form the nucleus of a syllable
Vowels and glides
[+Consonantal]
Produced with a narrow (continuant) or complete constriction (interrupted) in vocal tract
All consonants except glides
[+Sonorant]
Vocal tract configuration allows for spontaneous voicing
Vowels, glides, liquids, nasals
[+Strident]
Noisy sounds produced by forcing the airstream though a small opening resulting in production of intense noise
Fricatives (not interdentals) and affricates
[+Lateral]
Point of constriction is midline
Lateral liquid /l/
Major PLACE features - relates to PLACE of articulation
[+Labial] - level of lips
[+Coronal} - tip of tongue
[+Dorsal] - posterior oral cavity
What are the two distinctive features that describe vowels?
All vowels are sonorant and vocalic and differ by cavity features —> articulatory range within oral cavity
Class - sonorant and vocalic
Cavity - high low back rounded
All vowels are…
Voiced
Non-nasal
Influenced by surrounding sounds (coarticulation)
SSD can result from impairments in…
Sensory Structural Motor Syndrome Phonological
What are the 2 etiological factors for SSD
Organic - neurological, structural or physical
Functional - the cause in TD children can not be determined
What is a phonetic disorder
Errors in speech sound production/articulation caused by motor issues
Phonemic contrast is preserved
What is a phonological disorder
Difficulty using phonemes to differentiate meaning
Loss of phonemic contrast
What is prosody
Stress and intonation
A suprasegmental aspect of speech that contributes to speech sounding natural
Segmentals vs suprasegmentals
Segmentals: sounds and features (phonemes), word position
Suprasegmentals: elements of speech above the sounds
stress, prosody, syllable # (prosodic), word length
What are the 2 main contexts for prosody
Phrasal stress aka sentential stress
Lexical stress
Lexical stress vs phrasal stress
Phrasal stress - produced across a sentence or phrase to emphasizing words to make a point Impacts how phrase is understood
Lexical stress- word stress of any word that is 2 or more syllables; multisyllabic words can have more than one level of stress - primary or secondary
What is trochaic stress
Sw
Emphasis on 1st syllable
Left footed
What is iambic stress
wS
Emphasis on 2nd syllable
Right footed
“giraffe”
true/false: Iambic and trochaic stress can only be used for 2 syllable words
true
What is an independent analysis
Children production independent of the adult form (does not look at errors!)
Looks at what sounds child is producing and NOT comparing the results to adult target
Procedure -
speech sample provides opportunities for child to produce all sounds in all word positions - phonetic repertoire
Analyze -
PMV patterns, productive, marginal, absent phonemes, vowel analysis, word position
In an independent analysis, what are productive marginal and absent phonemes
Productive: 3+
Marginal: 1-2
Absent: 0
What is Model and Replica Chart
Examines what child is capable of
Organized according to word position, word place and manner of articulation
Calculate the frequency of occurrence of each phoneme in the SIWI, SIWW, SFWF and SFWW positions
What is the Model and Replica Chart application to therapy
Analyze segments in all position of single words instead of only one position at a time
The chart reveals
- phonetic inventory
- matches
- variability
- error patterns (not a focus in independent analysis)
Percent Consonant Correct (PCC)
Determine the number of consonants produced correctly and compare to total number of consonants
Scale is an index of intelligibility
What does a 3rd percentile mean?
97% of children the same age scored better than client’s standard score
About 2 standard deviations below mean
What’s happening at the mean of Bell shaped curve
The center line (the highest point of the bell curve is the mean and is where most people scored.
The standard score is 100
Mean is 50th percentile
What is a dynamic assessment
An active process to examine child’s speech production. Clinician taxes the system by providing input to facilitate accurate production and assesses the child’s response to that input
What are phonological processes
A way of examining regularly occurring systematic errors in speech
A way to simplify the adult target word
The greater # of phonological processes the less intelligible
3 phonological models used to classify phonological patterns
Phonological processes
Phonological rules
Phonological constraints
3 types of phonological processes
Syllable structure processes
Substitution processes
Assimilation processes
Describe Syllable structure processes
Processes that alter CV syllable structure
A systematic reduction mostly affecting deletion of unstressed syllable
If the syllable structure changes from what was intended
4 main syllable structure processes
Initial or final consonant deletion
Reduplication
Consonant cluster reduction/deletion
Epenthesis
Define substitution processes
Changing or replacing one phoneme into a different phoneme; change in class of sounds
What are the 8 substitution processes
Stopping Fronting (atypical) Backing Stridency deletion Deaffrication Depalatalization Gliding Vowelization/vocalization
What is assimilation
Underlying concept: sounds are influenced by one another causing feature spreading between sounds
One sound will change to more similar to a surrounding phoneme
Total assimilation
A phoneme is completely repeated in a word in a place where it hadn’t been
/bɛd/ → [bɛb]
Partial assimilation
Changed to a more similar form with shared features but not identical phoneme
/θeɪnk/ → [geɪnk]
Direction of assimilation
Progressive - phoneme that causes sound change comes first
/koʊt/ → [koʊk]
Regressive - phoneme that causes sound change follows
/teɪk/ → [keɪk]
4 types of assimilation
Velar - /teɪk/ → [keɪk]
Alveolar → velar
Labial - /boʊn/ → [boʊm]
nonlabial → labial
Alveolar -/tɑp/ → [tɑt]
Nonalveolar → alveolar
Nasal - /gʌn/ → [nʌn]
Non-nasal → nasal
Prevocalic voicing
VL → V preceding a vowel
Postvocalic devoicing
V → VL at end of syllable/word
aka final consonant devoicing
Coalescence
Two adjacent sounds combine to form one sound (total assimilation)
Contiguous vs Noncontiguous assimilation
Contiguous - adjacent segment
Noncontiguous - nonadjacent segments (features spread over vowel
Define and name a few idiosyncratic processes
Error patterns that have not been documented in normal children or that occur infrequently in the normal population
Replacing early sound with later developing sound
Atypical cluster reduction Initial cluster deletion Medial consonant deletion Apicalization Denasalization Metathesis Migration
What is apicalization
Idiosyncratic process where a labial replaced by an coronal consonant
Labial —> coronal
What is metathesis
Idiosyncratic process :The reversal of position of two sounds; may or may not be adjacent
/moʊst/ → [moʊts]
What is migration
Idiosyncratic process: the movement of a sound from one position in a word to another
Name the 4 types of vowel feature changes
Vowel backing
Vowel lowering
Centralization
Vowel surrounding
The 2 types of vowel complexity changes
Diphthongization - monophthong → dipthong
Dipthong reduction - dipthong → monophthong (more common)
Name the 4 types of VOWEL HARMONY (vowel assimilation)
Complete vowel harmony - one vowel changes so both vowels in the word are the same
Tenseness harmony - lax → tense
Height vowel harmony - one vowel changes so both vowels in the word are the same height
Consonant-vowel harmony - vowel changes due to features of neighboring consonant
What is derhoticization and reduction of rhotic diphthongs
Derhoticization - loss of /r/ coloring in consonants and vowels
Reduction of rhotic diphthongs - simplification of rhotic diphthongs
/ɔɚ/ → [a] or [ʌ]
What is derivation
The process by which sounds are simplified and changed within a word
Process helps to understand the order of change
How we get from underlying representation (target) to surface representation (production)
Always consider changes in PMV → can’t make all the changes in one step → break it down
Define constraint and repair
In children, constraints are the limitations specific to their phonological system. Involves consonants and vowels and the features associated
Repairs, are the way the child adjusts pronunciation in order to accommodate the limitations
4 types of sequence constraints
- Consonant cluster sequences
- Consonant s separated by vowels
- Consonant-vowel sequences
- Vowels separated by consonants
Sequence constraint: consonant cluster
Examines word position and segments contained in cluster
Repair:
assimilation - makes two elements the same because similar in place of articulation /l,r/ → [w]
reversal - changes the order of elements
child repairs consonant cluster restraint by using assimilation or reversal to make the phonemes more closely related.
example: /plan/ to /lan/ because /l/ and /n/ are more similar than /p/ and /n/
Sequence constraint: consonants separated by vowels
Consonants influence each other even though they are separated by a vowel (noncontiguous sequence)
Repair: avoid the sequence by making elements more similar in one direction or another
Ex: difficulty producing coronal-labial sequence so repairs by making both phonemes labial
Sequence constraint: consonant-vowel
Adjacent consonants and vowels can influence each other (CV place sequence)
Two types of interaction:
Place-feature - consonant can only be produced when adjacent to a particular vowel
Vowel height - vowel height can impact consonant production
Sequence constraint: vowels separated by consonants
This constraint only influences vowels; vowels can influence each other even if separated by consonants
Constraint: two different vowels may not be allowed across consonants
Repair:
Vowel harmony - vowel is repeated
Total reduplication - syllable to repeated
syllable constraint: all syllables require an onset
Repair:
Insert a consonant
Delete a vowel
Eliminate a boundary
Sequence constraints look at what variable?
Where the error pattern is occurring in phonetic environment/context
E.g. /r/ is produced SIWI but not in a cluster
Syllable constraint: all consonants must be in a syllable
Repair:
Delete consonant (cluster reduction)
Insert a vowel (epenthesis)
Syllable Constraint: syllable requires onset
Repair:
Insert/add consonant
Stress Constraint: every foot must be Sw
Repair:
Insert a vowel to add an additional syllable
Delete syllable or make weak syllable strong
Word length Constraint: only one foot is allowed
Repair:
Delete a foot
Make one foot unstressed
4 types of basic constraints and processes
- Delete
- Insert
- Spread (assimilation)
- Delink (delete line from existing feature)
Define faithfulness and provide examples
faithfulness: pronounce words as close to adult production as possible
Deleting segments - less faithful
Substitutions - more faithful
How to validate phonological process
Errors have an opportunity to occur in at least 4 instances AND errors has to occur in at least 20% of items that could be affected
What is Process Density Index (PDI)
- How many processes are occurring per word;
- measure of intelligibility;
- the more processes occurring on a word, the higher the PDI → the lower intelligibility
Inverse relationship between PDI and PCC; as PDI increases, PCC decreases
How to calculate PDI
Calculate PDI:
# of phonological processes in sample divided by
Total # of words in sample
/fɪʃ/ → [bɪt] → 4 processes
/f/ → [b] → initial voicing plus stopping
/ʃ/ → [t] → depalatalization plus stopping
4/1 → PDI score of 4
How do PMV apply to Distinctive Feature Changes
Always transcribe into IPA first!
Match place, manner or voicing change with the appropriate distinctive feature
“Nose” → “doze”
/noz/ → [doz]
Nasal → stop → manner change
What is chronological mismatch
Not producing early developing sound and replacing with later developing sound
Producing more complicated phoneme while not producing a simpler phoneme
Affricates are later developing sound
What is stress and how are stress and syllables related
Duration, intensity and pitch
Stressed syllables: strong
Unstressed syllables: weak
Syllables are grouped together into a higher-order unit called foot.
A foot has one stressed syllable.
1-2 syllable words have one foot
What is a prosodic foot
Syllable grouping with one primary stress
Sw or wS syllable → one prosodic foot
What is primary stress and secondary stress in prosodic hierarchy
occurs on multisyllabic words
Primary stress (S) - syllable with greatest level of stress
Secondary stress (s) - feet with stress but not weak
“kangaroo”
/keɪn.gə.rʊo/
swS
“avenue”
/æ.və.nu/
Sws
What is prosodic hierarchy in nonlinear phonology and what are the two main tiers
nonlinear phonology: Hierarchical organization of words, syllables, segments and features
Two main tiers:
Prosodic - words and word structure
Segmental - segments (tiers) and features
What is prosodic hierarchy
Word Foot Syllable Onset-rime Skeletal Segmental
Assessing co-articulatory effect
Speech sample; not single word test
Processes that are eliminated early
Weak syllable deletion, reduplication, voicing contrast, final consonant deletion
Linear phonology vs nonlinear phonology
Linear phonology -
focuses on sound level and how sounds are strung together;
focuses on what processes are removed
Nonlinear phonology -
looks at speech in hierarchies; focusing on segment (phonemes) AND suprasegmentals (the features that make up segments);
additive focus
What are the 3 nodes in the segmental tier in nonlinear phonology
Root - manner of articulation
Laryngeal - +/- voicing
Place - place of articulation
Stress and Vowels
/ə/ is never stressed
/ʌ ɜ˞/ and diphthongs are always stressed
When last foot has two syllables, the word is often
Right prominent (iambic)
wS
When both feet have only one syllable, primary stress is on the…
Final foot
sS
If the first foot has two syllables and the final foot has only one, then the word is generally…
left prominent (trochaic)
Sws
Identify multiple processes on a single word
Independent analysis: Is it a Manner change? Place change? Voicing change?
Given a child’s constraint, identify a possible repair
Look at whole sample
Identify a manner/voice/place change, corresponding distinctive feature change and corresponding phonological process change
Corresponding phonological change -
What is the manner change? So don’t talk about voicing changes
True or false:
devoicing FINAL consonant stop is typical
devoicing INITIAL stop is atypical
True
True or false:
Fronting is typical
Backing is atypical
True
