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Phonological Processes/Development Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

In the progression to first words, what influence some individual differences?

A
  • lexical environment
  • place, manner, voicing preferences
  • varied productions
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2
Q

2 things that are significant about first words

A
  • don’t follow straight line

- regression

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3
Q

Phonology of first 50 words: give syllable shapes, manners, place, phonetic inventory

A
  1. CV, CVCV
  2. stops, nasals, glids
  3. Alveolar, bilabial
  4. Approx. 12
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4
Q

1.5 - 2 yr olds produce vowels with ______ % accuracy?

A

82%

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5
Q

At age 2, what % of utterances are intelligible?

A

26-50%

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6
Q

phonological processes that are okay from 1-2?

A

ALL OF THEM

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7
Q

study 3 starred charts

A

study

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8
Q

When does the largest growth within the phonological system take place? Explain

A

18-24 mo

- expressive vocabulary triples

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9
Q

% accuracy of consonant production at 2:0? at 3:0?

A

2 - 69.2%

3 - 86.2%

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10
Q

What is intelligibility? It’s a _____ measurement.

- give the 5 point scale

A

how much of a child’s speech you can understand

  • subjective
  • completely intelligible, mostly intelligible, somewhat intelligible, mostly unintelligible, completely unintelligible
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11
Q

Give intelligibilty percentages at 2:0, 2:6, and 3:0

A

2: 0 - 26-50%
2: 6 - 50-70%
3: 0 - 71-80%

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12
Q

between 2 and 3, name three things kids should have mastered or emerging

A
  1. 9-10 initial consonants
  2. 5-6 final consonants
  3. a few clusters (ex/ in notes)
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13
Q

common phonological processes between 2-3

A
  • liquid gliding*** (most common)
  • cluster reduction*** (most common)
  • substitutions
  • fronting
  • stopping
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14
Q

declining phonological processes between 2-3

A
  • FCD
  • Affrication
  • Depalatization
  • Prevocalic voicing
  • vowel changes
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15
Q

syllable shapes from 2-3

A
  • CV, CVC, CVCV, CVCVC

* **Some CCVC, CVCC, CCVCC, CCVCCC

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16
Q

summary of consonant cluster acquisition (3)

A
  1. consonant clusters containing 2 elements are acquired before those containing 3
  2. consonant clusters containing stops (pl, kw) are acquired earlier than those containing fricativies (st)
  3. Cluster reduction is common
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17
Q

warning signs of impairment at 2:0 (5)

A
  • numerous vowel errors
  • frequent deletion of initial consonants
  • frequent use of glottal stop for variety of consonants
  • backing
  • FCD
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18
Q

warning signs of impairment at 2:9 (5)

A
  • small phonetic inventories (no fricatives, affricates, etc)
  • less diverse/less complex syllable structure
  • sound variability (sounds aren’t consistent)
  • atypical error patterns
  • little change in development across time
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19
Q

When do children have an adult-like swallow?

A

by age 3

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20
Q

know diadochokinetic rates for exam

A

study in notes

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21
Q

what’s significant about phoneme classes at age 4?

A

3 yr olds should have ACQUIRED (not mastered) all major phoneme classes (manners) except liquids

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22
Q

when is vowel production generally mastered? could take how long?

A

3

-could take up to 6

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23
Q

phonological processes present from 3-4

A
  • stopping
  • distortion
  • gliding
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24
Q

phonological processes declining from 3-4

A
  • cluster reduction
  • stopping
  • backing
  • vocalization
  • FCD
  • final devoicing
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25
syllable structures common from 3-4
- CV, VC, CVC, CCVCC, CCCVCC | - more multisyllable words
26
4:0-4:11 % of consonants mastered in one syllable words? multiple syllable words?
84% | 82%
27
% accuarte consonant clusters from 4:0-4:11?
88%
28
children between 4-5 have acquired what? may still have difficulty with?
- most sound classes | - some fricatives (lisp), liquids (gliding, vowelization)
29
phonological processes present from 4-5? | declining?
gliding, stopping | - cluster reduction, depalatalization, gliding
30
By age 5, what two sounds should at least me acquired?
/l/ and /r/
31
By age 6, __________ are produced with ______ % accuracy?
all sounds (including liquids), 95%
32
phonological processes declining from 5-6
deaffrication, epenthesis
33
By age 6, all children have a long list of _______ | list in notes
clusters
34
processes suppressed from 2-2:6
- reduplication - consonant harmony (assimilation) - context-sensitive voicing - some stopping (f, s)
35
processes suppressed from 2:6-3
- FCD - some cluster reduction (obstruent + approcimant (liquids & glides)) - Fronting (velar)
36
processes suppressed from 3:0-4:0
- weak syllable deletion - cluster reduction (s+consonant) - some stopping (z, sh, affricates) - gliding (w/r sub continues)
37
processes suppressed after 4:0
- some stopping (th's) | - gliding w/r substitution
38
what's important to remember with FCD? (2)
- must be a SINGLETON consonant that's deleted | - postvocalic /r/ and /l/ function more like vowels so they're not scored as FCD
39
what is an ATYPICAL (unusual, idosynchratic, uncommon) phonological process?
initial consonant deletion
40
list 3 ways to simplify clusters
1. cluster deletion 2. cluster reduction 3. cluster substitution
41
is cluster simplification common?
YES - one of the most common
42
what is a syllable structure process?
when sound changes affect the syllable shape of word or the number of syllables
43
list the syllable structure processes (8)
syllable deletion, reduplication, epinthesis, FCD, ICD, cluster simplification (deletion, reduction, substitution)
44
define substitution process | - explain simpler
segment substitution that occurs INDEPENDENT of phonetic context - no matter where phoneme is in the word, you use this pattern - not OMITTING something, they're substituting in another sound
45
list the substitution processes (11)
stopping, stridency deletion, fronting, backing, gliding, vowelization, palatalization, depalatalization, affrication, deaffrication, labialization
46
most common type of stop (2)
replacing a stop for fricative and affricates | - most common in initial position
47
What are stridents?
- All fricatives EXCEPT h & th's | - all affricates
48
define stridency deletion | Give ex/
a strident consonant is either omitted or replaced with a nonstrident consonant ex/ wash - wa or wat
49
most typical type of fronting? explain | some authors include?
velars to alveolars - /k,g/ to /t,d/ - some authors include palatals to front sounds as fronting (palatal fronting)
50
what is depalatalization? - most common with? - give ex/
a palatal sound is replaced with a nonpalatal sound - affricates and fricative palatals (sh***) - ex/ tip for ship
51
what is palatalization? most common? - is this a common process
- adding a palatal component to a nonpalatal target phoneme - fricative palatal (sh) - not that common
52
what is affrication? | give ex/
replacing a fricative consonant with an affricate ex/ ice = ich juice = jooch zoo = choo
53
what is deaffrication? give ex/
changing an affricate to a stop or fricative ex/ chew = soo job = vob
54
unusual pattern for kids to use?
backing
55
define backing
front consonants replaced with back consonants (k,g for t,d)
56
what is labalization? most common?
labial sounds replacing interdental or alveolar obstruents | - f/v for th's
57
is gliding common?
YES - one of the most commin
58
define gliding | give ex/
replacing liquids for glides ex/ light = wight rope = wope
59
give our in class definition of vowelization - aka? - give ex/ - most common?
- when syllabic liquids or nasals are replaced with vowels - vocalization - ex/ table = tabo, kitten = kitto, butter = butta - w/ syllabic liquids (l,r) - often /o/ p/u/t or schwa
60
assimilation process aka? - define - can affect?
consonant harmony - when changes in speech production CAN be attributed to the influence of phonetic context - place, manner, or voicing
61
list the 4 types of assimilation
labial, alveolar, velar, nasal
62
prevocaliv voicing/devoicing? | - postvocalic?
- when voiceless obstruents preceding vowels become voiced or voicelss (based on other sounds?) - when voiced obstruent in word-final position becomes voiceless/voiced (based on sounds around it?)
63
define metathesis | - give ex/
a process in which there is a reversal of the position of two sounds - ask = aks - boast = boats - animal = aminal
64
define coalescence. | give ex/
coalesce = collapse - features of 2 adjacent segments are collapsed to form one segment with features from both of the original segments - ex/ /f/ for /sp/ - foon
65
stepping chart 10-12 mo
canonical babbling, vocables
66
stepping chart 12-18 mo
- recognizable words - CV word structures - stops, nasals, glides
67
stepping chart 18-24 mo
- communication with words - syllableness (CVCV, VC) - final consonants (VC, CVC)
68
stepping chart 2-3 yrs
- contrasts and rapid expansion of phonemic repertoire - posterior/anterior contrasts (velars/alveolars) - stridents (including /s/ clusters)
69
stepping chart 3-4
- "adultlike" speech - consonant omissions rare - simplification processes (e.g. stopping) suppressed
70
stepping chart 4-5
- liquids acquired /l/ = 3 to 5 yrs /r/ = 3 to 6 yrs
71
stepping chart 5-6
- stabilization of phonetic/phonemic inventory | - all consonants w/in phonemic boundaries
72
stepping chart 6-7
- adult standard speech | - sibilants perfected (i.e. w/o liquids)
73
list the assimilation processes (10)
- labial, alveolar, velar, nasal assimilation - prevovalic/postvocalic voicing/devoicing - metathesis - coalescence
74
syllable that is typically deleted?
weak syllable
75
# define reduplication - usually affects? | - give ex/
partial or total repetition of a syllable or word - multisyllabic words - partial = pada, total = baba
76
what doesn't count for FCD?
postvocalic /r/ and /l/ because they function more like vowels than consonants

Phonetics (3 decks)

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