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Phonetics > Phonological Processes/Development Quiz > Flashcards

Phonological Processes/Development Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

In the progression to first words, what influence some individual differences?

A
  • lexical environment
  • place, manner, voicing preferences
  • varied productions
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2
Q

2 things that are significant about first words

A
  • don’t follow straight line

- regression

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3
Q

Phonology of first 50 words: give syllable shapes, manners, place, phonetic inventory

A
  1. CV, CVCV
  2. stops, nasals, glids
  3. Alveolar, bilabial
  4. Approx. 12
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4
Q

1.5 - 2 yr olds produce vowels with ______ % accuracy?

A

82%

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5
Q

At age 2, what % of utterances are intelligible?

A

26-50%

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6
Q

phonological processes that are okay from 1-2?

A

ALL OF THEM

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7
Q

study 3 starred charts

A

study

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8
Q

When does the largest growth within the phonological system take place? Explain

A

18-24 mo

- expressive vocabulary triples

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9
Q

% accuracy of consonant production at 2:0? at 3:0?

A

2 - 69.2%

3 - 86.2%

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10
Q

What is intelligibility? It’s a _____ measurement.

- give the 5 point scale

A

how much of a child’s speech you can understand

  • subjective
  • completely intelligible, mostly intelligible, somewhat intelligible, mostly unintelligible, completely unintelligible
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11
Q

Give intelligibilty percentages at 2:0, 2:6, and 3:0

A

2: 0 - 26-50%
2: 6 - 50-70%
3: 0 - 71-80%

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12
Q

between 2 and 3, name three things kids should have mastered or emerging

A
  1. 9-10 initial consonants
  2. 5-6 final consonants
  3. a few clusters (ex/ in notes)
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13
Q

common phonological processes between 2-3

A
  • liquid gliding*** (most common)
  • cluster reduction*** (most common)
  • substitutions
  • fronting
  • stopping
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14
Q

declining phonological processes between 2-3

A
  • FCD
  • Affrication
  • Depalatization
  • Prevocalic voicing
  • vowel changes
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15
Q

syllable shapes from 2-3

A
  • CV, CVC, CVCV, CVCVC

* **Some CCVC, CVCC, CCVCC, CCVCCC

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16
Q

summary of consonant cluster acquisition (3)

A
  1. consonant clusters containing 2 elements are acquired before those containing 3
  2. consonant clusters containing stops (pl, kw) are acquired earlier than those containing fricativies (st)
  3. Cluster reduction is common
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17
Q

warning signs of impairment at 2:0 (5)

A
  • numerous vowel errors
  • frequent deletion of initial consonants
  • frequent use of glottal stop for variety of consonants
  • backing
  • FCD
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18
Q

warning signs of impairment at 2:9 (5)

A
  • small phonetic inventories (no fricatives, affricates, etc)
  • less diverse/less complex syllable structure
  • sound variability (sounds aren’t consistent)
  • atypical error patterns
  • little change in development across time
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19
Q

When do children have an adult-like swallow?

A

by age 3

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20
Q

know diadochokinetic rates for exam

A

study in notes

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21
Q

what’s significant about phoneme classes at age 4?

A

3 yr olds should have ACQUIRED (not mastered) all major phoneme classes (manners) except liquids

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22
Q

when is vowel production generally mastered? could take how long?

A

3

-could take up to 6

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23
Q

phonological processes present from 3-4

A
  • stopping
  • distortion
  • gliding
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24
Q

phonological processes declining from 3-4

A
  • cluster reduction
  • stopping
  • backing
  • vocalization
  • FCD
  • final devoicing
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25
Q

syllable structures common from 3-4

A
  • CV, VC, CVC, CCVCC, CCCVCC

- more multisyllable words

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26
Q

4:0-4:11 % of consonants mastered in one syllable words? multiple syllable words?

A

84%

82%

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27
Q

% accuarte consonant clusters from 4:0-4:11?

A

88%

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28
Q

children between 4-5 have acquired what? may still have difficulty with?

A
  • most sound classes

- some fricatives (lisp), liquids (gliding, vowelization)

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29
Q

phonological processes present from 4-5?

declining?

A

gliding, stopping

- cluster reduction, depalatalization, gliding

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30
Q

By age 5, what two sounds should at least me acquired?

A

/l/ and /r/

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31
Q

By age 6, __________ are produced with ______ % accuracy?

A

all sounds (including liquids), 95%

32
Q

phonological processes declining from 5-6

A

deaffrication, epenthesis

33
Q

By age 6, all children have a long list of _______

list in notes

A

clusters

34
Q

processes suppressed from 2-2:6

A
  • reduplication
  • consonant harmony (assimilation)
  • context-sensitive voicing
  • some stopping (f, s)
35
Q

processes suppressed from 2:6-3

A
  • FCD
  • some cluster reduction (obstruent + approcimant (liquids & glides))
  • Fronting (velar)
36
Q

processes suppressed from 3:0-4:0

A
  • weak syllable deletion
  • cluster reduction (s+consonant)
  • some stopping (z, sh, affricates)
  • gliding (w/r sub continues)
37
Q

processes suppressed after 4:0

A
  • some stopping (th’s)

- gliding w/r substitution

38
Q

what’s important to remember with FCD? (2)

A
  • must be a SINGLETON consonant that’s deleted

- postvocalic /r/ and /l/ function more like vowels so they’re not scored as FCD

39
Q

what is an ATYPICAL (unusual, idosynchratic, uncommon) phonological process?

A

initial consonant deletion

40
Q

list 3 ways to simplify clusters

A
  1. cluster deletion
  2. cluster reduction
  3. cluster substitution
41
Q

is cluster simplification common?

A

YES - one of the most common

42
Q

what is a syllable structure process?

A

when sound changes affect the syllable shape of word or the number of syllables

43
Q

list the syllable structure processes (8)

A

syllable deletion, reduplication, epinthesis, FCD, ICD, cluster simplification (deletion, reduction, substitution)

44
Q

define substitution process

- explain simpler

A

segment substitution that occurs INDEPENDENT of phonetic context

  • no matter where phoneme is in the word, you use this pattern
  • not OMITTING something, they’re substituting in another sound
45
Q

list the substitution processes (11)

A

stopping, stridency deletion, fronting, backing, gliding, vowelization, palatalization, depalatalization, affrication, deaffrication, labialization

46
Q

most common type of stop (2)

A

replacing a stop for fricative and affricates

- most common in initial position

47
Q

What are stridents?

A
  • All fricatives EXCEPT h & th’s

- all affricates

48
Q

define stridency deletion

Give ex/

A

a strident consonant is either omitted or replaced with a nonstrident consonant
ex/ wash - wa or wat

49
Q

most typical type of fronting? explain

some authors include?

A

velars to alveolars

  • /k,g/ to /t,d/
  • some authors include palatals to front sounds as fronting (palatal fronting)
50
Q

what is depalatalization?

  • most common with?
  • give ex/
A

a palatal sound is replaced with a nonpalatal sound

  • affricates and fricative palatals (sh***)
  • ex/ tip for ship
51
Q

what is palatalization? most common? - is this a common process

A
  • adding a palatal component to a nonpalatal target phoneme
  • fricative palatal (sh)
  • not that common
52
Q

what is affrication?

give ex/

A

replacing a fricative consonant with an affricate
ex/ ice = ich
juice = jooch
zoo = choo

53
Q

what is deaffrication? give ex/

A

changing an affricate to a stop or fricative
ex/ chew = soo
job = vob

54
Q

unusual pattern for kids to use?

A

backing

55
Q

define backing

A

front consonants replaced with back consonants (k,g for t,d)

56
Q

what is labalization? most common?

A

labial sounds replacing interdental or alveolar obstruents

- f/v for th’s

57
Q

is gliding common?

A

YES - one of the most commin

58
Q

define gliding

give ex/

A

replacing liquids for glides
ex/ light = wight
rope = wope

59
Q

give our in class definition of vowelization

  • aka?
  • give ex/
  • most common?
A
  • when syllabic liquids or nasals are replaced with vowels
  • vocalization
  • ex/ table = tabo, kitten = kitto, butter = butta
  • w/ syllabic liquids (l,r) - often /o/ p/u/t or schwa
60
Q

assimilation process aka?

  • define
  • can affect?
A

consonant harmony

  • when changes in speech production CAN be attributed to the influence of phonetic context
  • place, manner, or voicing
61
Q

list the 4 types of assimilation

A

labial, alveolar, velar, nasal

62
Q

prevocaliv voicing/devoicing?

- postvocalic?

A
  • when voiceless obstruents preceding vowels become voiced or voicelss (based on other sounds?)
  • when voiced obstruent in word-final position becomes voiceless/voiced (based on sounds around it?)
63
Q

define metathesis

- give ex/

A

a process in which there is a reversal of the position of two sounds

  • ask = aks
  • boast = boats
  • animal = aminal
64
Q

define coalescence.

give ex/

A

coalesce = collapse

  • features of 2 adjacent segments are collapsed to form one segment with features from both of the original segments
  • ex/ /f/ for /sp/ - foon
65
Q

stepping chart 10-12 mo

A

canonical babbling, vocables

66
Q

stepping chart 12-18 mo

A
  • recognizable words
  • CV word structures
  • stops, nasals, glides
67
Q

stepping chart 18-24 mo

A
  • communication with words
  • syllableness (CVCV, VC)
  • final consonants (VC, CVC)
68
Q

stepping chart 2-3 yrs

A
  • contrasts and rapid expansion of phonemic repertoire
  • posterior/anterior contrasts (velars/alveolars)
  • stridents (including /s/ clusters)
69
Q

stepping chart 3-4

A
  • “adultlike” speech
  • consonant omissions rare
  • simplification processes (e.g. stopping) suppressed
70
Q

stepping chart 4-5

A
  • liquids acquired
    /l/ = 3 to 5 yrs
    /r/ = 3 to 6 yrs
71
Q

stepping chart 5-6

A
  • stabilization of phonetic/phonemic inventory

- all consonants w/in phonemic boundaries

72
Q

stepping chart 6-7

A
  • adult standard speech

- sibilants perfected (i.e. w/o liquids)

73
Q

list the assimilation processes (10)

A
  • labial, alveolar, velar, nasal assimilation
  • prevovalic/postvocalic voicing/devoicing
  • metathesis
  • coalescence
74
Q

syllable that is typically deleted?

A

weak syllable

75
Q

define reduplication

  • usually affects?

- give ex/

A

partial or total repetition of a syllable or word

  • multisyllabic words
  • partial = pada, total = baba
76
Q

what doesn’t count for FCD?

A

postvocalic /r/ and /l/ because they function more like vowels than consonants

Phonetics (3 decks)

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