Exam 1 Flashcards
define pragmatics
language use within a communicative context
define semantics. includes what?
meaning of words - CONTENT
includes vocab and basic concepts
define syntax
organizational rules that specify word order, sentence organization, and word relationships
define morphology. includes what?
rules that govern change in meaning at the intraword level.
includes free morphemes (whole, real words - root words) and bound morphemes (prefixes and suffxes)
What areas of language fall under form, content, and use?
form - syntax, morphology, phonology
content - semantics
use - pragmatics
define phonology (2)
1) the study of sound systems of language
2) SYSTEMATIC ORGANIZATION of speech sounds in production of language
phonology includes what two things
the structure & function of sounds in languages
explain what structure means in phonology.
Give ex/
syllable shapes - ex/ CV, CCV, etc.
how phonemes can combine - ex/ can’t have /fs/ at the beginning of a word
explain what function means in phonology
referring to the function of the phoneme
Ex/ /s/ can function as a morpheme (stacks - /s/ at end changes meaning, means plural of stack. But /s/ at beginning doesn’t carry any meaning)
phonetics is the study of what?
the perception and production of speech sounds
phonetics is one portion of what?
phonology
subdisciplines of phonetics
articulatory, acoustic, clinical
what is clinical phonetics? Give ex/
phonetics as it applies to disorders (treatment)
Ex/ don’t want to use the word hose when working on /s/ phoneme
historical phonetics studies?
sound changes in word
when did the great vowel shift occur? give examples
between 13th and 17th century. used to pronounce bite as beet & beet as bate
define vowel
a speech sound that is formed WITHOUT significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
a vowel serves as what?
a syllable nucleus. CANNOT have a syllable without a vowel
are vowels voiced or voiceless? vowels determine what?
voiced
determine vocal quality & dialect
4 dimensions of vowel classification
1) tongue height
2) tongue advancement
3) tension
4) lip configuration (rounding)
define tongue height
vertical position of the tongue body
define tongue advancement
3 descriptions of tongue advancement
where a vowel falls in the anterior-posterior dimension of the oral cavity
- front, central back
define tension in regards to vowel production
2 terms that can describe it
the degree of muscle activity involved in vowel articulation and to the duration of the vowel (huh??)
- tense and lax
tense vowels v. lax vowels
tense - greater muscle activity and longer duration. can occur in stressed open and closed syllables
lax - cannot occur in stressed OPEN syllables but do occur in stressed CLOSED syllables (ex/ hit, book, nut)
General categories of vowels that are rounded and those that arent
front vowels are NOT
some of back and central are
lip configuration - rounded v. undrounded
rounded - lips in a pursed and protruded state
unrounded - formed w/o pursing and protrusion
study classification of all of the front, back, and central vowels (on written notecards)
study
explain tongue placement for back vowels
- tongue bulk = in back position
- tip = remains at level of lower teeth
name the only UNROUND back vowel
/a/
explain why dipthongs are used
sometimes it’s necessary to emphasize the movement from one articulatory position to another, and this requires more than one symbol
define monopthong
give ex/
one vowel - one simple vowel sounds (ex/ the 8 front & back vowel that can’t be dipthongs)
define dipthong
combination of two simple vowels that blend into one phoneme
which front and back vowels can also be considered a dipthong?
front - /e/ can be /eI/
back - /o/ can be /o + horseshoe/
how does the length of dipthongs relate to that of simple vowels?
they tend to be 1.5 times the length of simple vowels = LONGER
Explain how dipthongs are produced (3)
1) emphasis begins on first vowel and slides to second
2) stronger vowel to weaker vowel (on-glide to off-glide)
3) major stress on FIRST vowel
define phonemic dipthong
both simple vowels are necessary to produce a unique sound
define nonphonemic dipthong
Which dipthongs are nonphemic?
can be reduced to one phoneme w/o changing meaning
- eI, and o + horseshoe
what is the least frequently occurring VOWEL sound?
/backwards C + capital I/ = the “oy” sound
Where are central vowels produced?
midway between front and back vowels (DUH)
American English is a _______ language
reduced vowel
for central vowels, ____ symbols represent _____ sounds
Why?
4, 2
- the symbols vary based on stress
What is the most commonly occurring VOWEL sound?
the schwa - upside down e - uhhhh sound used in syllables that do not have primary stress
define and explain physiological phonetics
function of speech organs when speaking - what our speech organs do to produce each sound
______ carry most acoustic weight
vowels
acoustic phonetics includes what sort of topics?
frequency, intensity, & duration of consonants/vowels
what is perceptual phonetics?
Give ex/
a listener’s perception of speech sounds (loudness, pitch, quality)
Ex/ her voice sounds hissy, breathy, etc.
define experimental phonetics
laboratory study of physiological, acoustic, & perceptual phonetics
what is clinical phonetics?
the study & transcription of speech sounds
the word “phonetics” derived from what word? What does this word mean?
phone
- any sound produced by the human vocal tract
define phoneme
basic sound segment that has the LINGUISTIC FUNCTION of distinguishing morephemes
Explain the international phonetic alphabet (3)
1) used to transcribe or pronounce any language
2) one symbol used for each sound
3) 44 phonemes are represented by 26 alphabetic symbols w/ 251 orthographic correspondances
explain the sounds of orthographic writing
1) one sound represents many different spellings (allograph) - tea, tee
2) same letter represents many different sounds - women, woman
3) two letters represent one sound (diagraph)
4) silent letters that represent no sounds at al
5) sounds are heard but not presented with a letter - music cute
define diagraph & give ex/
when two letters represent one sound
ex/ shOE, mEEt
define allograph & give ex/
when one sound represents (is represented by?) many different spelllings
ex/ /e/ sound - yAY, stAIn, wEIGH
/r/ sound - Right, WRite, RHombus
define coarticulation
give ex/
when the production of a sound is influenced by other sounds around it (it’s influenced by its PHONETIC CONTEXT)
ex/ zoo - lips are are already starting to round before you say it in anticipation for the /u/ sound
zeel - /i/ sound is further back in the mouth so the /z/ sound sounds different
how formal/casual expressions relate to coarticulation
- we reduce stress with slang
What are you doing? = Whatcha doin?
define morpheme
morphemes can be what?
smallest unit of language that carries a semantic interpretation
- stems, endings for plurals, verb tenses, suffixes & prefixes
define free morpheme
can stand alone and carry meaning - root words
define bound morpheme
carry no meaning when they stand alone, “bound” to other words
define metaphonology
- give simpler description
awareness of speech/language as a system with specific rules to combine sounds and words
- the ability to think about sounds/syllables distinct from meaning
4 things that fall under metaphonology
1) speaking stream of sounds can be divided into words
2) words can be divided into sounds
3) we group words according to common sounds
4) we judge the grammaticality of a sentence
example of using metaphonological skills
ability to separate the list of words into a group that couldn’t be real words and a group that can
***the rules of language we know w/o really thinking about it
5 reasons why we need phonetics
1) to have a universal way of accurately transcribing sounds
2) to plan effective therapy
3) write accurate reports on children whose speech is unintelligible
4) evaluate children whose parents wonder if they are developing speech normally
5) professional singers, actors (who want to learn dialect)
define minimal pair
words that vary by 1 phoneme (in the same word position)
examples of minimal pairs
look/book, hear/beer, through/brew, clip/click
define allophone
one of the sound variants/alternates within a phoneme (family)
What’s significant about an allophone?
it DOES NOT change the meaning of the word
ex/ of allophone
light /l/ lamp vs dark /l/ feel
- still understand the meaning either way
what do you do with an aspirated sound?
you blow out a puff of air when producing it
give ex/ of aspirated vs. unaspirated sounds.
What are these examples of?
/p/ at beginning = aspirated - pie, peach
/p/ in blend = unaspirated - spit
/p/ at end = unaspirated - top
***These are examples of allophones. For ex/ you don’t usually aspirate the /p/ at the end of “top,” but if you did, it wouldn’t change the meaning of the word
4 things that fall under allophones
1) phonetic context
2) complementary distribution
3) aspiration/unaspiration
4) free variation
phonetic context and complementary distribution in terms of allophones refers to what?
give ex/
when how we produce the sound varies because of the other letters in words
keep v. could - the /k/ sound is produced differently based on the vowel that follows it
explain free variation
give ex/
when phonetic context DOES NOT affect how a word is produced
ex/ in the word hit, the /h/ & /I/ sounds don’t affect how we produce the /t/
3 ways to classify consonants
place of articulation
manner of articulation
voicing
define place of articulation
explain simpler
point of contact or near contact of the active and passive articulators in producing speech sounds
- WHERE a sound is formed
define manner of articulation
explain simpler
the resultant perceptual character of articulated speech sounds
- HOW a sound is formed
what does voicing explain
whether or not the vfs are vibrating
list all of the places of articulation
bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
define obstruents
consonants made with the vocal tract airflow partially IMPEDED so that TURBULENCE is produced, or completely blocked
define sonorants
a sound produced with an UNOBSTRUCTED vocal tract, including vowels and some consonants
list all the manners of articulation under their categories
obstruents - stops, fricatives, affricates
sonorants - nasals, liquids, glides
is formed by a complete closure of the vocal tract, so that airflow ceases temporarily and air pressure builds up behind the point of closure
stop
produced with a complete oral closure, but with an open velopharynx, so that voicing energy travels out through the nose
nasals
a vowel-like consonant in which voicing energy passes through a vocal tract that is constricted only somewhat more than vowels
liquids
glides aka?
semivowels
has a vocal tract constriction somewhat narrower than that for vowels, and is characterized by a gliding motion of the articulators form a partly constricted state to a more open state for the following vowel
glides - huh???
define cognate
a consonant sound that has the same place and manner but one sound is voiced and the other is voiceless
explain the stop articulation summary (4)
1) the oral cavity is completely CLOSED at some pt for a brief interval
2) the velopharynx is closed
3) upon release of the stop closure, a burst of noise is typically heard
4) closing & opening movements = FAST
List all of the stops.
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates. Also, indicate PLACE of articulation
/p,b/ - bilabial
/t,d/ - alveolar
/k,g/ - velar
list all of the fricatives.
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation
/f,v/ - labiodental /voiceless th, voiced th/ - interdental /s,z/ - alveolar /voiceless sh, voiced sh/ - palatal /h/ - glottal
list all of the affricates
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation
/voiceless ch, voiced ch/j sound/ - palatal
list all of the nasals
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation
/m/ - bilabial
/n/ - alveolar
/ng sound/ - velar
*NO COGNATES - all voiced
list all of the glides
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation
/w/ - bilabial
/j/ - palatal
*NO COGNATES - both voiced
list all of the liquids
If there are any cognates, list them as cognates.
Also, indicate PLACE of articulation
/l/ - alveolar
/r/ - palatal
*NO COGNATES - both voiced
make sure to study the COMMON SPELLINGS
study
make sure to study the PHYSIOLOGIC DESCRIPTION of the consonants
have Josh quiz
understand the intervocalic /t/ and alveolar flap - look up more info in the book
look it up
give fricatives articulation summary (3)
1) articulators form a NARROW CONSTRICTION through which airflow is channeled and AIR PRESSURE increases in the chamber behind the constriction
2) As air flows through the opening, a CONTINUOUS friction noise is generated
3) CLOSED velopharynx - cuz air must go through oral cavity for effective noise
give affricates articulatory summary (2)
1) combination of a stop closure & and fricative segment, with the frication noise closely following the stop portion
2) velopharynx closed
give glides articulation summary (4)
1) constricted state = narrower than vowel, but wider than stops and fricatives
2) articulators make a GRADUAL GLIDING motion from constricted segment to more open configuration for following vowel
3) velopharynx closed (almost always)
4) sound energy passes through the mouth, in a fashion SIMILAR TO VOWELS
give nasals articulation summary (3)
1) oral tract COMPLETELY CLOSED
2) VP port is OPEN to permit sound to travel through nasal cavities
3) Even if oral closure is broken, sound may continue to travel through nose as long as velopharynx remains open
give liquids articulation summary (3)
1) sound energy from the vfs is directed through a DISTINCTIVELY SHAPED oral passage, one that can be held INDEFINITELY for sustained production of the sound, if required
2) velopharynx closed
3) oral passageway is narrower than that of vowels, but wider than stops, fricatives, and nasals
what/s the onset?
do all syllables have it?
all consonants that preceed a a vowel
- NO: some syllables have no onset
what’s the rhyme made up of?
nucleus & coda
what is the nucleus?
vowel that carries the weight that makes it a syllable. Also includes syllabic consonants
ex/ spl(I)t, tr(IE)d, f(a)st
- study rhyme, nucleus, and coda in book.
- Also, open v. closed syllables
- count syllables
study
what is a syllable?
a unit of sound that contains one vowel sound
a word with 3 vowel sounds has ____ syllables
3
the vowel sound in a syllable may be (3)
1) stand alone (eye)
2) preceded by one or more consonants (try)
3) be followed by one or more consonants (each)
define syllabication
the process of dividing a word into syllables
every syllable has only ________, but what?
one vowel sound, but not every vowel has a sound
without a vowel….?
a vowel can ______as a syllable
there is no syllable
stand alone
In the English language, one syllable is generally?
more stressed than the other syllbles
the stressed syllable is ________ than any other syllable in the world?
- Can appear where?
- longer, louder, and higher in pitch
- in beginning, middle, or end of word
general pattern of stress for 2 syllable words
usually have stress on first syllable
patters of stress in bisyllable nouns
give ex/
stress on first syllable
ex/ CONtest as noun. conTEST as verb
patter of stress on bisyllable verb
give ex/
stress on 2nd syllable
ex/conDUCT as verb. CONduct as noun
when 2 syllable word is a verb and/or an adjective, _______ is usually stressed
- give ex/
- if root is second?
- cover, gather
- if root is 2nd, then 2nd syllable is stressed (complete, extinct)
the vowel sound in unstressed syllables tends to be ________ and is usually represented by ______
short in duration
- schwa or what???
stress depends on what two things?
a syllable’s importance and the degree of emphasis being put upon it
misplacement of stress = ?
misunderstanding
less important words get _____ stress
less
explain the 3 levels of stress
primary: strongest and most prominent
secondary: less prominent than primary stress
weak: least prominent syllable in an utterance
with stressed syllables, what receives the major emphasis? how does this sound compare to that of other syllables?
- vowel receives major emphasis
- vowel sound in a stressed syllable = longer than vowel sounds in unstressed syllables
ex/ preTEND, SYllable, dePARture
in english, what’s significant about unaspirated phonemes? give ex.
this means that aspiration/unaspiration falls under?
they’re never at the beginning of a word.
ex/ pit is aspirated
- complementary distribution
speech is controlled by the action of ______ muscles located where?
over 100
- chest, abdomen, neck, and head
3 systems involved in speech
respiratory, laryngeal, supralaryngeal
respiratory system serves as?
POWER SOURCE
respiratory system composed of?
trachea, bronchi, lungs, rib cage, diaphragm and associated muscles
3 things respiration does
1) provides body with oxygen
2) carries away CO2
3) provides energy source for speech
how does the respiratory system help with air for speech?
the muscles of the RS release air into the larynx and supralaryngeal system for the purpose of generating speech
respiratory muscles control?
airflow
laryngeal system serves as?
SOUND SOURCE
how does the laryngeal system work?
air from lungs travels up through larynx where voice is produced (or not!)
larynx location
on top of trachea
inside larynx are? define
vocal folds
- thin pieces of muscle which are capable of vibrating when closed
sypralaryngeal system is what?
quality and sound PRODUCTION source
suralaryngeal system location?
consists of?
above the larynx
3 major air cavities (pharyngeal, oral, nasal)
explain the quality portion of sup.laryngeal system
direction of sound travel is determined by the position of the velum or soft palate
list the movable articulators (7)
larynx, pharynx, lips, cheeks, tongue, velum/soft palate, mandible
cheeks function
stability to sides of oral cavity
larynx function
provides closure for certain phonemes (raises)
lips function
used for lip rounding, protrusion, retraction
mandible function
increase or decrease the size of the oral cavity & facilitates tongue elevation
pharynx funtion
used to close off nasal cavity
what is the velum/soft palate?
back portion of roof of mouth
most important & mobile articulator?
tongue
tongue divisions
tip, blade,body, dorsum, root
list the passive (immovable) articulators
alveolar ridge, hard palate, teeth
what is alveolar ridge?
rough bony surface behind teeth
what is hard palate? separates?
roof of mouth
- separates oral and nasal cavities
teeth used in?
articulation of various phonemes when connected with tongue
3 speech systems would be useless w/o?
brain - sends impulses to muscles of respiration
why is hearing mechanism impt for speech?
feedback by bone and air conduction
most common consonant sound
second most common
third
t
n
r
define broad transcription
- explain in simpler terms
vowels and consonants used in English language (including central vowels, dipthongs)
- knowing all different English symbols and being able to transcribe words
define narrow transcription
give some examples
includes allophonic variations - phonetic variant of phoneme (in same phoneme class)
- aspirated/unaspirated, diacritic marks
- suprasegmental features (pitch, stress)
define syllabic
sounds that can function as the nucleus of a syllable
phonemes that can function as syllabics
vowels
- m, n, ng, l, r
rule for syllabics
vowels can be syllabics in stressed AND unstressed syllables
- consonants can ONLY function as syllabics in the unstressed syllable of a 2 or more syllable word
a diacritic is used to do what?
to transform the consonants into syllabics
what is the syllabic of /r/? so?
unstressed ‘er’ so no diacritic is used
syllabic consonants result from?
loss of the preceding vowel. vowel actually becomes part of the syllabic
because the diacritic replaces _______, no vowel will be found? (2)
preceding vowel
1) before a syllabic
2) in the same syllable as a syllabic
what syllables USUALLY bear a homorganic relationhip with preceding consonant in same syllable?
m, n, ng
what is a homorganic relationship?
they must be made with the same (close) articulators as the sound before
if /m/ is used as syllabic, what will precede it?
p,b
if /n/ is used as syllabic, what will precede it?
t,d,s,z
if ng used as syllabic, what will precede it?
k, g
what can precede unstressed er and /l/ if used as syllabics?
most consonants
if /t/ comes before syllabic /l/ or unstressed /er/ what happens?
tends to be pronounced as intervocalic t - battle, batter
before syllabic /n/, /t/ will become?
a glottal stop - upside down question mark thing
voiced sh doesn’t occur?
in initial position
least common consonant
voiced sh
h doesn’t occur?
in final position
