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Phonetics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define phonology

  • includes?

- ex/ of what it includes

A
  • sound system of a language
  • linguistic rules, structure & function
  • how consonants combine, etc.
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2
Q

define phonetics

A

looks very specifically at each sound, classifying them, their acoustic properties and what our passive and active articulators do to create them

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3
Q

what is single word transcription called?

A

citation form

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4
Q

what is connected speech? what’s significant about it?

A

2 or more words in an utterance (conversational speech)

- some patterns may show up in connected speech and not in single word

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5
Q

define coarticulation
- simpler explanation
3 examples

A

an articulatory process whereby individual phonemes overlap one another due to timing constraints and ease of production

  • overlapping of articulators during speech production
  • ex/ soon - round lip /s/ cuz of /u/ sound coming
  • ex/ tenth - dentalized /n/ cuz of /th/ production
  • ex/ Thanksgiving time - don’t make /ng/ sound, make it an /n/ cuz of the /t/
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6
Q

define assimilation

A

phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds

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7
Q

define regressive assimilation
- aka?
give ex/

A

phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it
- right to left or anticipatory assimilation
ex/ tin cup = ti/ng/ cup (cuz of /k/ sound in cup)

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8
Q

define progressive assimilation

- aka?

A

phoneme changes as the result of a phoneme preceding it
- left to right or perservative assimilation
ex/ dogs - voiced /z/ cuz /g/ is voiced
ex/ ed makes /t/ sound when preceded by voiceless (walked)

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9
Q

define elision

  • occurs as (2)
  • give ex/
    p. 186
A

omission of a phoneme during speech production
- 1) a historical process 2) as a result of coarticulation
ex/ aptly = don’t usually pronounce the /t/

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10
Q

define epinthesis
- can result from?
- alot of times is what?
give ex/

A

addition of a phoneme to the production of a word
- coarticulation, variation in production, speech disorders
- addition of /j/ /w/ and schwa
ex/ horse = horsey
Leo = Le/j/o
please = p(uh)lease

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11
Q

define metathesis

give ex/

A

transposition of a sound (flip-flopping phonemes)
ex/ spaghetti = pasgeti
cinamon = cimanon

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12
Q

what do we often do with vowels?

A

centrlize them

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13
Q

list 5 suprasegmental aspects of speech

A
  1. word stress
  2. sentence stress
  3. intonation
  4. tempo
  5. pauses and juncture in connected speech
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14
Q

define allophone

- give ex/

A

a variant production of a phoneme

  • aspirated v. unaspirated stops (hat)
  • keep v. could (varies based on surrounding sounds)
  • light /l/ v. dark /l/
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15
Q

define phonotactics

- give ex/

A

looking at what sounds and sound combinations are permissable in a language
ex/ no words begin with /ng/
no words end with /w/ or /j/

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16
Q

consonants may _____ syllables, ______ syllables, or _____

A

initiate, terminate, both

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17
Q

define syllable shape

A

the manner in which consonants are joined to vowels

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18
Q

phonological rules describe what 3 things?

A

1) the phonemes of a language
2) the allophones of the phonemes and the conditions for the appearance of the allophones
3) allowable word positions and combinations of these phonemes

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19
Q

explain the dynamics of connected speech

A
  • articulators continuously changing
  • NOT segmented like speech sounds we’ve discssed
  • connection between sounds has an influence on the rest
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20
Q

5 major aspects of brain development that occur during 1st year

A
  1. brain weight
  2. selective elimination
  3. growth and elaboration
  4. myelin sheaths
  5. Wernicke’s/Broca’s areas
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21
Q

explain brain weight

A

25% of total brain weight at birth

- 80% of total by first year

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22
Q

explain selective elimination

A

children born with extra cell connections. If they’re not strengthened via interactions, they’ll be eliminated
- 1/3 of cells lost by adulthood

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23
Q

Broca’s v. Wernicke’s

A 
Broca's = speech production
Wernicke's = understanding
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24
Q

myelination is very important for? when does it begin and peak? does it continue?

A

speech/motor skills

  • begins 3 mo before birth
  • peaks at 1 year
  • YES, into adulthood
25
Q

Oller’s 5 paramaters of vocal and artiulatory control over the 1st year

A
  1. control of phonation or VOICE and the vocal mechanism (Realize they can make sound)
  2. control of extremes and variations in PITCH
  3. control of extremes and variations in VOLUME
  4. control of RESONANCE
  5. control of the timing aspects of alternating RESONANCE & CONSTRICTION (ex/ mama)
26
Q

0-1 mo stage called what?

  • characterized by (2)
  • they’re able to ?
A

Quasi-resonant nucleus stage

  • a majority of reflexive vocalizations (crying, fussing, coughing, burping)
  • nonreflexive sounds do occur (vowels, syllabic consonants)
  • able to produce oral sounds that are only partially resonated
27
Q

8 differences between infant and adult oral mechanism

A
  1. oral cavity smaller
  2. lower jaw smaller and retracted
  3. sucking pads present in cheeks
  4. tongue is large compared to oral cavity
  5. breathe through nose
  6. epligottis and soft palate are approximating to protect airway
  7. larynx higher
  8. eustachian tube horizontal
28
Q

2-3 mo aka?

A

goo and coo stage

29
Q

3 things that characterize goo and coo stage

A
  1. vocalizations have greater RESONANCE
  2. mostly VOWEL-LIKE sounds (back vowels) or back consonants
  3. constrictions (pre-consonants) and resonances (prevowels) may alternate but don’t occur in a unit as a syllable (ex/ not baba)
30
Q

4-6 mo aka?

A

exploration/expansion stage

31
Q

4-6 mo

  • period of? explain
  • productions range from? list
A

vocal play - infant delights in exploring capabilities of vocal tract
repeating vowel-like sounds, squeals, growls, yells, raspberries (precursors to fricatives - bilabial or labiolingual), frication noises

32
Q

3 additional characteristics of 4-6 mo stage

A
  1. Alternate resonance and constrictions (not quite syllables)
  2. more fully resonated vocalizations (not quite vowels)
  3. experiment with pitch and volume extremes
33
Q

look at kent’s summary of parallels in book

A

in book

34
Q

7-10 mo stage called?

A

reduplicated babbling

35
Q

What characterizizes the reduplicated babbling stage? (3)

- What’s significant about this stage?

A
  • longer vocalizations
  • CV syllables with adultlike timing - usually duplicated CV combinations (dada, baba)
  • phonemes limited to stops, nasals, glides, lax vowels
  • Place of articulation shifts - frequency of VELARS sharply declines, ALVEOLARS dominate, LABIALS are next most common
36
Q

define babbling

A

prespeech behavior characterized by syllables that may be initiated or terminated by consonant-like sounds

37
Q

3 things research has shown about babbling

A
  1. It’s not random
  2. Not all sounds are produced
  3. Transition between babbling and first words isn’t abrupt - it’s continuous
38
Q

Children’s ____ are developed before _______

- give ex/

A
  • perceptual abilities, meaningful utterances

- some word comprehension is evident at 9 mo

39
Q

when does babbling begin and end?

A

6 mo, 10-13 mo

40
Q

first type of babbling to occur?

A

reduplicated babbling

41
Q

What is the second type of babbling to occur?
other names for it?
When does it occur?
- Explain it simply w/ an example

A
  • variegated (nonreduplicated, canonical)
  • 9 mo
  • consonants and vowels vary from syllable to syllable - ex/ bada, badew
42
Q
  • define vocoid

- define contoid

A

pre-vowel, pre-consonant

43
Q

most frequent type of syllables in babbling stages?

A

Open

44
Q

explain the production of vowels in the first year

A
  • low, unround vowels are produced during 1st yr (typically /a/ /both uhs/ /aaaaaa/ )
  • will then adjust height of tongue first before advancement
45
Q

pre-speech - what’s present? syllables present?

A
  • all phonological processes

- mainly mono-syllabic utterances

46
Q

define segmental and explain it

A
  • “what we say”

- vowels and consonants which combine to produce syllables, words, and sentences

47
Q

define suprasegmental and explain it

A
  • “how we say it”

- elements of speech that include pitch and loudness variables

48
Q

several researchers support viewpoint of what in regards to suprasegmentals?

A

close interaction between prosodic features/motherese and early language development

49
Q

prosodic factors continue to diversify toward end of babbling period. What do they become?

A
  • expressive/prelinguistic jargon
50
Q

define jargon

A

nonmeaningful sequences of phonemes having intonantion and stress patterns that sound appropriate for meaningful speech

51
Q

when/ how does jargon begin and end

A
  • develops out of babbling at about 10 mo

- continues after the child begins to use meaningful words

52
Q

when does variegated babbling begin?

A

11-14 months

53
Q

what is the long definition of variegated babbling?

- what else is significant about it? (2)

A
  • productions of primarily CV sequences, but w/o reduplicative nature - variety of consonants and vowels can occur (ex/ bawidu)
  • type of consonants dramatically increases
  • adultlike intonantion patterns
54
Q

Although consonants are increasing during variegated babbling, what are the most frequent types of consonants that occur? least frequent?

A

stops, nasals, glides

- fricatives (except s), affricates, and liquids

55
Q

After variegated babbling what occurs?

A

short time span befor every first words occur

56
Q

transition to first words involves what? (2)

A
  • adult-like syllables w/ regular CV segments

- incorporate several vociods/ contoidds in same production unit to prepare kids for first words

57
Q

a comparison of adult and child phonological systems reveals what?

A

child speech production errors are typically simplifications of adult models

58
Q

define phonological process

A

a systematic sound change that affects classes of sounds or sound sequences and results in a simplification of production
- classes = MANNERS (fricatives, stops, etc.)

59
Q

A phonological process should affect? Should occur___ % of the time?

A
  • more than one sound from a given sound class (ex/ stop most of fricatives, not just one)
  • 40%

Phonetics (3 decks)

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