Phonological Disorders Flashcards
phonological disorders
those which involve a deficit in the mental representation of speech sounds, speech production, or speech perception
- phonological disorders are the most common for children with a communication disorder
- do not involve articulation, however an articulatory disorder may result in a phonological disorder
common phonological errors
-
substitution errors
—stopping, gliding, nasalisation, fronting, backing, de-nasalisation, glottal replacement -
assimilation errors
—progressive and regressive -
syllable structure errors
—unstressed syllable deletion, reduplication, cluster reduction, final consonant omission
What are some determinants of phonological disorders?
Determinants are things which would make it more likely for a child to develop a phonological disorder.
- Phonological disorders can arise due to unknown determinants
- deficiencies in motor abilities:
—ie. cerebral palsy, apraxia of speech, dyspraxia (developmental apraxia, verbal)
- things that affect hearing (perception):
—otitis media (inflammation/infection of the middle ear); cochlear implants
- dental abnormalities:
—malocclusion (malalignment of the teeth/jaw)
- craniofacial disorders:
—cleft palate
- developmental factors:
—i.e. down syndrome
organic voice disorders
those which result from an identifiable, physical cause
- i.e. due to velopharyngeal insufficiency, cleft palate, or hearing loss
—could be structural (i.e. due to lumps on the vocal folds) or neurogenic (i.e. nerve damage in the brain); but, there is an identifiable, physical cause
functional disorders
those which have no identifiable, physical cause
- no observable structural defect or disease
- surgery is ineffective because there’s nothing to remove/fix
- examples include:
—muscle tension dysphonia: constriction/tension in the voice, but not due to a physical reason
—MTD is common amongst functional disorders and can be the result of maladaptive behaviours (pitching the voice too high, too low, too creaky, etc.)
—muscle tension aphonia: complete loss of phonation
phonetic vs. phonological disorders
- phonetic disorders have to do with auditory, visual, motor, neuro-sensory or neuro-motor difficulties
- phonological disorders have to do with the components of speech: syllables, phrases, phonotactics
What are examples of phonological disorders in children?
-
generalised language disorders: those which affect general language acquisition and use
—i.e. DLD/SLI (developmental language disorder or specific language impairment)
—i.e. ASD -
phonological disorders which affect other domains of language acquisition/development:
—i.e. omitting word-final consonants can impact acquisition of plurals in English
—phonological disorders that are limited to phonology
What are signs of atypical development? What might be a reason to see a speech language pathologist?
Signs of atypical development:
- increased frequency of errors relative to norms of “typical” children
- persistence of errors (past “typical” developmental milestones; even after intervention)
Reasons to see SLPs:
- child/individual is in distress
- negative impacts on daily life (i.e. trouble communicating with teachers/peers; struggling with employment)
What is a covert contrast in children?
A covert contrast is an apparent neutralisation of a phonemic contrast in children.
- a covert contrast is a when children use a sub-phonemic difference that is not perceivable by a native speakers, but is measurable by examining acoustics
- the child understands there is a contrast; they are unaware that they are producing perceptively indistinguishable sounds
- Covert contrasts are an issue with articulation, not phonology
developmental language disorder
developmental language disorder (DLD) is diagnosed when a child has difficulties with language specifically
- these difficulties cannot be associated with other disorders the child has:
—i.e. autism, cerebral palsy
—i.e. general motor disorders
- because DLD is language-specific, it has been posited to occur with children acquiring sign language
progressive assimilation (phonological errors)
when an earlier sound persists later into the word
- i.e. do[d] instead of dog
regressive assimilation (phonological errors)
when a later sound appears earlier in the word
- i.e. [g]og instead of dog
unstressed syllable deletion
a phonological error where an unstressed syllable is omitted from the word
- i.e. “TE-PHONE” instead of “TE-le-PHONE”
reduplication
a phonological error where a word is repeated twice
- i.e. [kejkej] instead of cake
cluster reduction
a phonological error where a consonant cluster is reduced to a single consonant (or less consonants)
- i.e. “bu” instead of “blue”
final consonant omission
a phonological disorder where the final consonant of a word is omitted
- i.e. “da” instead of “dog”
different kinds of substitution errors (phonological errors)
- stopping: replacing a fricative with a stop
- gliding: substituting liquids [r] or [l] with glides [j] or [w]
- nasalisation: making sounds nasalised (i.e. mow instead of bow)
- fronting: the place of articulation becomes fronted (i.e. “tow” instead of “cow”)
- backing: the place of articulation becomes backed
- denasalisation
- glottal replacement: replacing an oral stop with a glottal stop (i.e. “bea” instead of “beak”)
